Abstract: An apparatus for stable nano emulsion of water in diesel fuel, including: a diesel fuel feeding unit (2), a water feeding unit (3), a magnetite nano-particles feeding unit (4); a mixing tank (7) in fluid communication with the diesel fuel feeding unit (2), with the water feeding unit (3) and with the magnetite nano-particles feeding unit (4); a recirculation conduit (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) presenting opposite ends connected to the mixing tank (7). A pump (9) on the recirculation conduit (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) and configured to recirculate a mixture of diesel fuel (F), water (W) and magnetite nano-particles (MNP). A dynamic magnetic field generator (25) is operationally coupled to the recirculation conduit (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) and is configured to generate a dynamic magnetic field inside at least a section of the recirculation conduit (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) to activate the magnetite nano-particles.

Abstract: A flow reactor comprising: a cylindrical body defining a conduit extending from a first end to a second end; a conduit inlet for providing a flow of a liquid reagent into the conduit, the conduit inlet at or near the first end; a conduit outlet for providing a flow of a liquid content from the conduit, the conduit outlet at or near the second end; a rotating screw arranged within the conduit and extending in the conduit, the rotating screw arranged to rotate about an axis extending from the first end to the second end, to direct the liquid content from the conduit inlet to the conduit outlet; and one or more ultrasonic emitters arranged to emit ultrasound waves in the conduit. The flow reactor may be used for desulphurization of fuel oil.

Abstract: Trimellitic acid is produced by oxidation of pseudocumene in acetic acid at temperatures between 130 and 240° C. in the presence of a catalyst composition containing cobalt, manganese and bromine. The process comprises the stages of: (i) simultaneously feeding pseudocumene and air or an oxygen-containing gas into a solution containing acetic acid and the catalyst composition, at an addition rate resulting in an oxygen concentration in the off-gas of less than 8 vol %, and at a temperature and a pressure sufficient to result in 5 to 25 mol % of the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize the pseudocumene to trimellitic acid being consumed, and (ii) feeding air or an oxygen-containing gas into the reaction mixture obtained in stage (i) until essentially all of the pseudocumene has been consumed and a molar yield of trimellitic acid of at least 90% has been obtained. There is no supplementation of catalyst after stage (i).

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride. The catalyst comprises vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobiurn in the range of 250:1 to 60:1. The catalyst exhibits improved activity, improved yield of maleic anhydride, and optimal performance from the very beginning of its catalytic lifetime.

Abstract: Catalytic compositions of oxides of titanium, vanadium and tin that are suitable for the production of phthalic anhydride by oxidizing o-xylene and/or naphthalene in the gas phase. The catalysts exhibit excellent activity and selectivity. The catalyst contains 2 to 15 percent by weight (calculated as V2O5) of vanadium, 1 to 15 percent weight (calculated as SnO2) of tin and 70 to 97 percent by weight (calculated as TiO2) of titanium. In a preferred embodiment the catalyst also contains up to 5 percent by weight (calculated as M2O) of at least one alkali metal, preferably lithium, potassium or rubidium, and more preferably cesium. In an even more preferred embodiment, cesium is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 2 percent by weight (calculated as Cs2O).

Abstract: Trimellitic acid is produced by oxidation of pseudocumene in acetic acid at temperatures between 130 and 240° C. in the presence of a catalyst composition containing cobalt, manganese and bromine. The process comprises the stages of: (i) simultaneously feeding pseudocumene and air or an oxygen-containing gas into a solution containing acetic acid and the catalyst composition, at an addition rate resulting in an oxygen concentration in the off-gas of less than 8 vol %, and at a temperature and a pressure sufficient to result in 5 to 25 mol % of the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize the pseudocumene to trimellitic acid being consumed, and (ii) feeding air or an oxygen-containing gas into the reaction mixture obtained in stage (i) until essentially all of the pseudocumene has been consumed and a molar yield of trimellitic acid of at least 90% has been obtained. There is no supplementation of catalyst after stage (i).

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride. The catalyst comprises vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobiurn in the range of 250:1 to 60:1. The catalyst exhibits improved activity, improved yield of maleic anhydride, and optimal performance from the very beginning of its catalytic lifetime.

Abstract: Aliphatic carboxylic acids of formulae (Ib) R1—COOH(Ia) and R2—COOH wherein R1 is tertiary C4-20-alkyl and R2 together are —(CH2)n— with n=3 to 10, are produced by oxidizing an aliphatic or alicyclic ketone of the formula (II): wherein R1 and R2 are as defined above, with molecular oxygen in the presence of a soluble manganese (II) compound. The process has a high selectivity and is carried out under very mild conditions. It is especially useful for the production of dicarboxylic acids, such as, adipic acid, from cyclic ketones.

Abstract: Aliphatic carboxylic acids of formulae (Ib) R1—COOH (Ia) and R2—COOH wherein R1 is tertiary C4-20-alkyl and R2 together are —(CH2)n— with n=3 to 10, are produced by oxidizing an aliphatic or alicyclic ketone of the formula (II): wherein R1 and R2 are as defined above, with molecular oxygen in the presence of a soluble manganese (II) compound. The process has a high selectivity and is carried out under very mild conditions. It is especially useful for the production of dicarboxylic acids, such as, adipic acid, from cyclic ketones.

Abstract: Disclosed are catalytic compositions comprising oxides of titanium vanadium and tin which are suitable for the production of phthalic anhydride by oxidizing o-xylene and/or napthalene in the gas phase. The catalysts exibit excellent activity and selectivity. The catalyst comprise 2 to 15% by weight (calculated as V2O5) of vanadium, from 1 to 15% by weight (calculated as SnO2) of tin and further comprise from 70 to 97% by weight (calculated as TiO2) of titanium. In a preferred embodiment the catalyst of the invention comprise up to 5% by weight (calculated as M2O) of at least tine alkali metal preferably lithium, potassium or rubidium, and more preferably cesium. In an even more preferred embodiment, cesium is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 2% by weight (calculated as Cs2O).

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid by liquid phase oxidation in acidic solution of 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene in presence of a cobalt-manganese-bromine-catalyst. An oxygen containing feed gas is introduced into the reaction zone such that the oxygen content in the dry exhaust gas does not exceed 1 percent by volume.

Abstract: The invention concerns solid epoxidic cycloaliphatic hydroxylate resins, a process for the production thereof and compositions of hardenable powder-base paints containing the said resins. In particular, the said procedure enables solid epoxidic cycloaliphatic hydroxylate resins to be prepared with Tg≧35° C., epoxidic equivalent weight between 190 and 3,000, preferably between 250 and 2,000, Hydroxyl Number between 15 and 200 mg KOH/g, numeric molecular weight between 800 and 15,000, preferably lying between 1,000 and 10,000.

Abstract: Aliphatic carboxylic acids of formulae (Ib) R1—COOH(Ia) and R2—COOH wherein R1 is tertiary C4-20-alkyl and R2 is selected from hydrogen and C1-6-alkyl, or R1 and R2 together are —(CH2)n— with n=3 to 10, are produced by oxidizing an aliphatic or alicyclic ketone of formula (II), wherein R1 and R2 are as defined above, with molecular oxygen in the presence of a soluble manganese(II) compound. The process has a high selectivity and is carried out under very mild conditions. It is especially useful for the production of dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid from cyclic ketones.

Abstract: A process for the production of gamma-butyrolactone. Starting from maleic and/or succinic anhydride the conversion takes place in the vapor phase of a Cu/Cr catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the production of gamma-butyrolactone. Starting from maleic and/or succinic anhydride the conversion takes place in the presence of a catalyst composed of copper oxide and zinc oxide.

Abstract: Cycloaliphatic epoxy compounds represented by general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are hydrogen atoms, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 taken together represent an epoxy group, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and Q is a linear or branched alkanediyl group with 2 to 16 carbon atoms and with the proviso that the adjacent nitrogen and oxygen atoms are not attached to the same carbon atom. The cycloaliphatic epoxy compounds can be used to produce cured epoxy resin compositions exhibiting superior mechanical properties, e.g., tensile and flexural strength and toughness.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the production of gamma-butyrolactone from maleic anhydride or succinic anhydride by hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising the mixed oxides of copper, zinc and zirconium.

Abstract: A very selective process for the catalytic air oxidation of pseudocumene to trimellitic acid. Manganese, cobalt, cerium and titanium in the presence of bromine are used as the catalyst.

Abstract: Catalyst containing a vanadium/phosphorus complex oxide, for the oxidation of hydrocarbons to maleic anhydride. The catalyst contains 1 to 1.3 atoms of phosphorus per atom of vanadium. The pore volume of those pores which have a radius of 100 to 1,000 .ANG. is at least 30 percent of the total pore volume of the pores which have a radius of less than 10,000 .ANG.. The method for preparing the catalyst involves introducing a phosphorus-containing compound into an organic solvent, and continuously adding a vanadium-containing compound over the course of 0.5 to 4 hours. 1 to 1.3 atoms of phosphous is employed per atom of vanadium. The water formed during the reaction is removed continuously and directly from the reaction mixture. Thereafter the reaction mixture is separated. The V-P-O complex oxide is isolated as a solid, dried at a temperature of 90.degree. to 150.degree. C. and activated at a temperature of 200.degree. to 300.degree. C. to provide the catalyst.

Abstract: Catalyst containing a vanadium/phosphorus complex oxide, for the oxidation of hydrocarbons to maleic anhydride. The catalyst contains 1 to 1.3 atoms of phosphorus per atom of vanadium. The pore volume of those pores which have a radius of 100 to 1,000 .ANG. is at least 30 percent of the total pore volume of the pores which have a radius of less than 10,000 .ANG.. The method for preparing the catalyst involves introducing a phosphorus-containing compound into an organic solvent, and continuously adding a vanadium-containing compound over the course of 0.5 to 4 hours. 1 to 1.3 atoms of phosphorus is employed per atom of vanadium. The water formed during the reaction is removed continuously and directly from the reaction mixture. Thereafter the reaction mixture is separated. The V-P-O complex oxide is isolated as a solid, dried at a temperature of 90.degree. to 150.degree. C. and activated at a temperature of 200.degree. to 300.degree. C. to provide the catalyst.