Abstract: A measurement device characterizes an environment. The measurement device includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter transmits a transmitted light. The transmitter includes an atomically two-dimensional material for emitting the transmitted light. The atomically two-dimensional material is tunable to select a predominate wavelength of the transmitted light within a tunable range of wavelengths. The receiver receives a received light, which is the transmitted light after encountering the environment. The receiver characterizes the environment from a measured change between the received light and the transmitted light.

Abstract: A method removes defects in a dielectric layer, such as during fabrication of a device that emits light from hot electrons injected into an atomically two-dimensional material. An atomically two-dimensional material and the dielectric layer are adjoined. The dielectric layer is adapted to convey a variable electric field for modulating a wavelength of photons electronically emitted across a band structure of the atomically two-dimensional material. Laser pulses are strobed into the dielectric layer with sufficient cumulative energy to remove a majority of the defects in the dielectric layer without altering the atomically two-dimensional material.