Abstract: Lignin is removed from a crude tall oil in the production of tall oil fractions suitable for use as chemical ingredients and additives in other products by sparging the crude tall oil at a temperature of between about 350.degree. F. to 400.degree. F. with a carrier gas to depolymerize and remove from the tall oil lower molecular weight lignin materials.

Abstract: A process for agglomerating synthetic rubber latexes to obtain rubber particles having large average particle sizes comprising the steps of mixing with a synthetic rubber latex having primary or secondary carboxyl groups at the particle surfaces of the latex, an inorganic potassium salt in a concentration in the latex of at least about 0.50 normal to agglomerate the particles, and separating the agglomerated rubber particles from the liquid of the latex.Separation of the agglomerated rubber particles may be accomplished by gravity or centrifugation when the potassium ion concentration in the latex is at least about 1.15 normal.

Abstract: Certain vegetable oil lipid adducts, either alone or in combination with disproportionated vegetable oils, are disclosed which provide persistent softening effects upon incorporation in skin and hair care preparations. The emollients of the invention include both the water-soluble and water-insoluble salts of the vegetable oil adducts. The certain vegetable oil adducts of the invention are the adducts prepared from vegetable oils containing nonconjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid esters which are conjugated and then modified via Diels-Alder addition with acrylic acid, fumaric acid, or maleic anhydride.

Abstract: Disclosed as an emulsion polymerization emulsifier is a half vinyl ester of C.sub.21 -dicarboxylic acid of the general formula ##STR1## wherein x and y are integers from 3 to 9, x and y together equal 12, one Z is COOH and the other Z is hydrogen. The emulsifier may be blended as a mixture with disproportionated fatty acids and/or C.sub.21 -dicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: In the emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile, the copolymer yield can be increased by adding certain antioxidant compounds to the emulsifier. These antioxidant compounds include an aromatic portion and a fatty acid portion, and may be, for example, a hydroquinone-fatty acid ester.

Abstract: Emulsified oil-water solutions produced from certain vegetable oil adducts having hydrophilic functional groups and fresh water or dilute brine are disclosed as well as the application of such solutions in surfactant flooding tertiary oil recovery operations.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a tackifying composition for rubber comprising an alkali lignin coprecipitated with a saponified tall oil pitch from an alkaline solution of the lignin and the pitch, the amount of saponified tall oil pitch being from 25% to 75% of the weight of said lignin. When the lignin-saponified pitch composite is added to a raw rubber stock in an amount of from 1 part to 50 parts per 100 parts of raw rubber stock the tack is improved.

Abstract: The adhesion and tack properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) are improved by replacing from 1% to 25% of the rubber with saponified tall oil pitch, based on the dry weight of the SBR. The SBR may be carboxylated or uncarboxylated, filled or unfilled.

Abstract: An improved polymerization emulsifier for use in the manufacture of synthetic rubber is prepared wherein a mixture of tall oil fatty acids and resin acids as found in crude or distilled tall oil is disproportionated to reduce the amount of abietic type acids and linoleic type acids and treated with acid catalyzed formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde. The disproportionation and aldehyde treatment can occur in sequence or simultaneously. Emulsifiers prepared by the invention process minimize prefloc in latex production and improve rubber physicals.

Abstract: An improved process is disclosed for manufacturing carpet. The improved process involves replacing from 4% to 25% of a carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber carpet backing adhesive in a conventional carpet manufacturing process with a water soluble saponified tall oil pitch tackifier, thereby improving the bond strength between the carpet and backing.

Abstract: There is provided by way of this invention diglycidyl esters of C.sub.21 -dicarboxylic acid represented by the structural formula ##EQU1## wherein x and y are integers from 3 to 9, x and y together equal 12, and Z is a member of the group consisting essentially of ##EQU2## and hydrogen with one Z of each moiety.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for saponifying tall oil pitch. The process involves saponifying tall oil pitch in an aqueous solution having a solids content of 5% to 99% with at least 0.00026% by weight of a water-soluble cationic amine catalyst and a slight amount more of a saponifying agent than is required to form soaps from the free acid present in the pitch at a temperature above 50.degree.C. to free the fatty acid soaps and rosin acid soaps from their esters.