Abstract: A liquid fuel composition for a spark ignition internal combustion engine comprising (a) gasoline blending components, (b) Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha at a level of up to 50% v/v and (c) oxygenated hydrocarbon at a level less than 50% v/v. While the low octane number of Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha would normally severely restrict its blendability in gasoline to low levels, it has now been found that Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha can be included in, for example, ethanol-containing gasoline fuel compositions, in surprisingly and significantly high blend ratios of Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha to ethanol.

Abstract: Use of a liquid fuel composition comprising (a) a gasoline base fuel and (b) from 0.5 to 50% v/v of naphtha as a fuel for a spark ignition internal combustion engine, wherein the spark ignition internal combustion engine is comprised within the powertrain of a hybrid electric vehicle.

Abstract: A liquid fuel composition for a spark ignition internal combustion engine comprising (a) gasoline blending components, (b) Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha at a level of up to 50% v/v and (c) oxygenated hydrocarbon at a level less than 50% v/v. While the low octane number of Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha would normally severely restrict its blendability in gasoline to low levels, it has now been found that Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha can be included in, for example, ethanol-containing gasoline fuel compositions, in surprisingly and significantly high blend ratios of Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha to ethanol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for advancing the spark timing of a spark-ignited internal combustion engine, the method comprising lubricating the spark-ignited internal combustion engine with a lubricating composition comprising base oil and an anti-knock additive, wherein the anti-knock additive is an aromatic amine.

Abstract: Use of a liquid fuel composition comprising (a) a gasoline base fuel and (b) from 0.5 to 50% v/v of naphtha as a fuel for a spark ignition internal combustion engine, wherein the spark ignition internal combustion engine is comprised within the powertrain of a hybrid electric vehicle.

Abstract: A liquid fuel composition is provided that is suitable use in a spark ignition engine; the composition comprises a mixture of hydrocarbons and exhibits a vapour pressure of greater than around 25 kPa and below around 50 kPa. The composition provides improvements in fuel 5 economy particularly in hybrid electric vehicles that comprise a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine as part of the powertrain. Methods and uses of the compositions are also provided.

Abstract: A liquid fuel composition suitable for use in an internal combustion engine is provided containing (a) from 50 to 90 % v/v of a C1-C4 alcohol; (b) from 10 to 50 % v/v of a Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha; and optionally (c) up to 10 % v/v of a C3-C6 hydrocarbon component. A process for preparing a liquid fuel composition and a method of operating an internal combustion engine is also disclosed.

Abstract: A diesel fuel formulation is provided containing (i) a fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE), in particular a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), (ii) diethyl carbonate (DEC) and (iii) an additional diesel fuel component. Also provided is a diesel fuel supplement containing a FAAE and DEC. The inclusion of DEC, in a FAAE or in a diesel fuel formulation containing a FAAE, increase the stability of one or more glycerides present in the FAAE, and/or reduce the concentration of a stability-enhancing additive in the FAAE or fuel formulation, and/or reduce the amount of glyceride precipitates in the FAAE or fuel formulation. The glycerides are in particular saturated monoglycerides.

Abstract: Diesel fuel formulation is provided containing (i) FAME with ?50% w/w saturates, (ii) dialkyl carbonate (DAC) and (iii) an additional diesel fuel component. Also provided is a diesel fuel supplement containing FAME and DAC, for use in a diesel fuel formulation.

Abstract: Fuel formulation, such as a gasoline or diesel fuel formulation, containing a dialkyl carbonate (DAC) having 6 or more carbon atoms is provided.

Abstract: A diesel fuel formulation containing (i) a lower molecular weight dialkyl carbonate (DAC) selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and mixtures thereof; (ii) di-n-butyl carbonate (DBC); and optionally (iii) an additional diesel fuel component is provided.

Abstract: Diesel fuel formulation is provided containing (i) FAME with ?50% w/w saturates, (ii) dialkyl carbonate (DAC) and (iii) an additional diesel fuel component. Also provided is a diesel fuel supplement containing FAME and DAC, for use in a diesel fuel formulation.

Abstract: A diesel fuel formulation is provided containing (i) a fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE), in particular a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), (ii) diethyl carbonate (DEC) and (iii) an additional diesel fuel component. Also provided is a diesel fuel supplement containing a FAAE and DEC. The inclusion of DEC, in a FAAE or in a diesel fuel formulation containing a FAAE, increase the stability of one or more glycerides present in the FAAE, and/or reduce the concentration of a stability-enhancing additive in the FAAE or fuel formulation, and/or reduce the amount of glyceride precipitates in the FAAE or fuel formulation. The glycerides are in particular saturated monoglycerides.

Abstract: A liquid fuel composition suitable for use in an internal combustion engine is provided containing (a) from 50 to 90 % v/v of a C1-C4 alcohol; (b) from 10 to 50 % v/v of a Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha; and optionally (c) up to 10 % v/v of a C3-C6 hydrocarbon component. A process for preparing a liquid fuel composition and a method of operating an internal combustion engine is also disclosed.