Abstract: Provided herein are methods, compositions and kits to extract and relatively enrich by physical separation or amplification short base pair nucleic acid in the presence of a high background of genomic material (e.g., host or maternal nucleic acids).

Abstract: An arrangement reduces transmission errors in a communication system that includes a transmitter operative to convert an input signal into blocks of coded signals and a receiver operative to convert the coded blocks into a replica of the input signal. In the transmitter, a signal representative of first features of the input signal and a signal corresponding to second features of the input signal are generated. In the receiver, corrupted received coded signals are detected responsive to the first feature signal and the received blocks of coded signals. Each corrupted received coded signal is modified jointly responsive to the received blocks of coded signals and the second feature signal to reduce errors in the input signal replica.