Abstract: An integrated method for production of fuels, fuel additives, or chemicals in a biorefinery by the conversion of cellulosic materials is disclosed herein. The method is based on converting a source of C6 sugar into a mixture of hydrotreated compounds. Embodiments of the method can be highly integrated, with reagents for particular steps being provided by other steps of the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for handling slabs (2a, 2b), produced in particular by continuous casting, the surfaces of which are ground before they are rolled in a rolling train, wherein the slab, lying on a reversible grinding table (12a, 12b), is moved back and forth under a grinding unit, arranged in a machining cell, of a grinding machine unit (I, II), the grinding table is moved linearly out of the machining cell after the grinding operation has been performed on one surface, the slab is lifted off the grinding table and fed to a turning device, wherein, after turning, the slab is removed from the turning device and, with an unworked, other surface lying uppermost, is brought onto the grinding table, which is then introduced once again into the machining cell for the working of this surface.

Abstract: Aviation-grade kerosene comprising a first blendstock derived from non-petroleum feedstock and comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of isoparaffins and normal paraffins, and a second blendstock comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of cycloalkanes and aromatics.

Abstract: An integrated method for production of liquid transportation fuels, fuel additives, or chemicals in a biorefinery by the conversion of cellulosic materials is disclosed herein. The method is based on converting a source of C6 sugar such as cellulosic materials and sugars into a mixture of hydrotreated compounds. The biorefinery operates in a unique parallel-processing mode, wherein the initial biomass feedstocks are disassembled to provide substrates for parallel branches whose products may be reassembled in either a condensation step or a mixed hydrotreating step or a final fuel-blending step. The cellulosic materials can be converted to levulinate intermediates that condense with intermediates derived from other processes to produce fuels with the appropriate range of sizes in the target molecular composition, thus generating desirable combustion and physical properties. This method also makes use of methyltetrahydrofuran and other low carbon by-products that are separated for use as amphiphilic solvents.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for improving water quality using a gasification system. Whereas water is normally a deterrent to the combustion process, water is beneficial to the gasification of carbonaceous materials. The method and apparatus uses this, and other aspects, to utilize several processes to improve water quality by means of gasification in new and beneficial ways.

Abstract: A magnetic storage device comprises an array of magnetic memory cells (50). Each cell (50) has, in electrical series connection, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) (30) and a Zener diode (40). The MTJ (30) comprises, in sequence, a fixed ferromagnetic layer (FMF) (32), a non-magnetic spacer layer (33), a tunnel barrier layer (34), a further spacer layer (35), and a soft ferromagnetic layer (FMS) (36) that can change the orientation of its magnetic moment. The material type and thickness of each layer in the MTJ (30) is selected so that the cell (50) can be written by applying a voltage across the cell, which sets the orientation of the magnetic moments of the FMF (32) and FMS (36) relative to one another. The switching is effected by means of an induced exchange interaction between the FMS and FMF mediated by the tunneling of spin-polarized electrons in the MTJ (30).

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for sintering particles using a sintering aid. The sintering aid can be brought into contact with a plurality of particles to be sintered such that a mixture of the particles and the sintering aid is provided. The mixture of particles and the sintering aid is heated and at least part of the sintering aid is vaporized. Sintering of the particles to form a sintered component followed by cooling of the sintered component can complete the process, or in the alternative, a subsequent heating step or steps can be included whereby additional vaporization of the sintering aid can occur.

Abstract: Aviation-grade kerosene comprising a first blendstock derived from non-petroleum feedstock and comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of isoparaffins and normal paraffins, and a second blendstock comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of cycloalkanes and aromatics. A method for the production of aviation-grade kerosene comprising producing a first blendstock from at least one non-petroleum feedstock, the first blendstock comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of isoparaffins and normal paraffins; producing a second blendstock comprising primarily hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of cycloalkanes and aromatics; and blending at least a portion of the first blendstock with at least a portion of the second blendstock to produce aviation-grade kerosene.

Abstract: A magnetic storage device comprises an array of magnetic memory cells (50). Each cell (50) has, in electrical series connection, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) (30) and a Zener diode (40). The MTJ (30) comprises, in sequence, a fixed ferromagnetic layer (FMF) (32), a non-magnetic spacer layer (33), a tunnel barrier layer (34), a further spacer layer (35), and a soft ferromagnetic layer (FMS) (36) that can change the orientation of its magnetic moment. The material type and thickness of each layer in the MTJ (30) is selected so that the cell (50) can be written by applying a voltage across the cell, which sets the orientation of the magnetic moments of the FMF (32) and FMS (36) relative to one another The switching is effected by means of an induced exchange interaction between the FMS and FMF mediated by the tunneling of spin-polarised electrons in the MTJ (30).

Abstract: A magnetic storage device comprises an array of magnetic memory cells (50). Each cell (50) has, in electrical series connection, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) (30) and a Zener diode (40). The MTJ (30) comprises, in sequence, a fixed ferromagnetic layer (FMF) (32), a non-magnetic spacer layer (33), a tunnel barrier layer (34), a further spacer layer (35), and a soft ferromagnetic layer (FMS) (36) that can change the orientation of its magnetic moment. The material type and thickness of each layer in the MTJ (30) is selected so that the cell (50) can be written by applying a voltage across the cell, which sets the orientation of the magnetic moments of the FMF (32) and FMS (36) relative to one another. The switching is effected by means of an induced exchange interaction between the FMS and FMF mediated by the tunneling of spin-polarised electrons in the MTJ (30).

Abstract: A magnetic storage device comprises an array of magnetic memory cells (50). Each cell (50) has, in electrical series connection, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) (30) and a Zener diode (40). The MTJ (30) comprises, in sequence, a fixed ferromagnetic layer (FMF) (32), a non-magnetic spacer layer (33), a tunnel barrier layer (34), a further spacer layer (35), and a soft ferromagnetic layer (FMS) (36) that can change the orientation of its magnetic moment. The material type and thickness of each layer in the MTJ (30) is selected so that the cell (50) can be written by applying a voltage across the cell, which sets the orientation of the magnetic moments of the FMF (32) and FMS (36) relative to one another. The switching is effected by means of an induced exchange interaction between the FMS and FMF mediated by the tunneling of spin-polarised electrons in the MTJ (30).

Abstract: A magnetic memory cell has a first conductive layer or a first stack of two or more conductive layers having at least one first magnetic layer with a first magnetic moment, a second conductive layer or a second stack of two or more conductive layers having least one second magnetic layer with a second magnetic moment, and a third non-magnetic layer or a third stack of two or more non-magnetic layers, that is arranged between and contacting said first layer or stack and said second layer or stack and allows a non-tunneling current to pass.

Abstract: A magnetic memory cell is provided which comprises a first stack of one or more conductive layers having at least one first magnetic layer with a first magnetic moment, a second stack of one or more conductive layers having least one second magnetic layer with a second magnetic moment, a third stack of one or more non-magnetic layers, that is arranged between and contacting said first and said second stacks and allows a non-tunneling current to pass. Furthermore, the magnetic memory cell comprises a current control element allowing a current of up to at least a predetermined writing current amount to pass across the cell in a first direction perpendicular to the layer planes, and prohibiting a current to pass across the cell in a second direction opposite to said first direction, unless the current amount in the second direction is higher than a predetermined reading current amount, which reading current amount is lower than said writing amount.

Abstract: A magnetic storage device comprises an array of magnetic memory cells (50). Each cell (50) has, in electrical series connection, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) (30) and a Zener diode (40). The MTJ (30) comprises, in sequence, a fixed ferromagnetic layer (FMF) (32), a non-magnetic spacer layer (33), a tunnel barrier layer (34), a further spacer layer (35), and a soft ferromagnetic layer (FMS) (36) that can change the orientation of its magnetic moment. The material type and thickness of each layer in the MTJ (30) is selected so that the cell (50) can be written by applying a voltage across the cell, which sets the orientation of the magnetic moments of the FMF (32) and FMS (36) relative to one another. The switching is effected by means of an induced exchange interaction between the FMS and FMF mediated by the tunneling of spin-polarised electrons in the MTJ (30).

Abstract: The invention relates to a magnetic memory cell for use in MRAM technology. The cell includes a first ferromagnetic fixed (hereinafter FMF) layer with a first magnetic moment, a second FMF layer with a second magnetic moment, at least one ferromagnetic soft (hereinafter FMS) layer with a third magnetic moment, said FMS layer being arranged between the first and second FMF layers, a first non-magnetic intermediate layer arranged between said first FMF layer and said FMS layer, and a second non-magnetic intermediate layer arranged between said second FMF layer and said FMS layer. Said first intermediate layer is adapted to allow a spin-polarized write current to pass between said first FMF layer and said FMS layer, said write current having an amount sufficient to change a relative orientation of said first and third magnetic moments.

Abstract: A lift consists of a platform that the article to be lifted rests on and a scissors jack that is attached to the bottom of the platform and that can be spread up out of an extended position with rollers. One pair of the parallel scissoring legs of the jack is firmly articulated with the platform and the other pair of scissoring legs is attached to a shaft that travels parallel to the bottom of the platform inside a guide mounted on it. Rollers are mounted on a rigid axle and the axle is engaged by two chains that wrap around chain wheels rigidly attached to the shaft and which are connected to a transverse beam. The front end of the transverse beam is connected to a tensioning device that operates parallel to the platform. Two independently rotating rollers are mounted on the axle on each side of the jack, each roller rests against an auxiliary rail and a guide rail on each inside scissoring leg and the auxiliary rails are inside the jack.