Abstract: An electric flat panel display has a matrix of flat panel display cells and a fault tolerant driver circuit and an electrode array. A folded field drive scheme applies a periodic voltage signal to a common electrode. Opposing electrodes are set to one of two voltage states by voltage setting circuits.

Abstract: A system using a special memory matrix termed an "image prism". The image prism is row and column accessible and is connected to input and output of a conventional bitmap memory. Row select lines pass horizontally through the matrix, column select lines pass vertically through the matrix, data lines run perpendicular to select lines. Row and column data lines are tied together at nodes on a diagonal of the matrix. Data-in lines and data-out lines comprise two sets of data lines. Data words enter the image prism with bits in parallel along the row data-in lines. Data words exit the image prism along the column data-out lines. Data may be written into or out of the image prism by either row or column and either forward or backward. Image data is transformed by transforming image prism size tiles of data using the image prism, and moving them to their final destination in bitmap memory.