Abstract: Disclosed herein are various embodiments of systems and methods for controlling a voltage profile delivered to a load in an electric power system. According to various embodiments, an electric power system may include an electric power line, a variable tap transformer, and a capacitor bank. The variable tap transformer may include a plurality of tap positions. A tap change controller may be coupled with the variable tap transformer and may control the tap positions of the variable tap transformer. A capacitor bank controller may be coupled with the capacitor bank and may selectively couple the capacitor bank to the electric power line. The tap change controller and the capacitor bank controller may share system information related to the voltage profile along the electric power line and to change the voltage profile along the line using the variable tap transformer and the capacitor bank depending on the system information.

Abstract: An intelligent electronic device may provide restricted earth fault protection to components of an electrical power delivery system using both an amplitude comparator and a phase angle comparator configured to independently detect faults. The IED may include selection logic configured to select the output of one of the phase angle comparator and the amplitude comparator, to the exclusion of the other, based on system conditions. Accordingly, when system conditions are such that a phase angle comparator is better suited to detect a fault, selection logic may select the output of the phase angle comparator. Similarly, when system conditions are such that an amplitude comparator may better detect a fault, selection logic may select the output of the amplitude comparator. A protection system may further include an in-zone fault detector configured to detect in-zone faults.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for identifying a faulted phase in at least one shunt capacitor bank. The apparatus generally includes a sampling circuit for sampling current or voltage signals associated with the shunt capacitor bank. A microcontroller is coupled to the sampling circuit and programmed to measure a compensated neutral point phase angle from the sampled signal, and compare the compensated neutral point phase angle with a fixed reference phase angle to identify the faulted phase of the shunt capacitor bank. The method generally includes the steps of sampling a current or voltage signal associated with the shunt capacitor bank, determining a compensated neutral point phase angle from the sampled signal, and comparing the compensated neutral point phase angle with a fixed reference phase angle to identify the faulted phase of the shunt capacitor bank. The invention also relates to an apparatus and method for identifying the location of the fault (e.g.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are various embodiments of systems and methods for controlling a voltage profile delivered to a load in an electric power system. According to various embodiments, an electric power system may include an electric power line, a variable tap transformer, and a capacitor bank. The variable tap transformer may include a plurality of tap positions. A tap change controller may be coupled with the variable tap transformer and may control the tap positions of the variable tap transformer. A capacitor bank controller may be coupled with the capacitor bank and may selectively couple the capacitor bank to the electric power line. The tap change controller and the capacitor bank controller may share system information related to the voltage profile along the electric power line and to change the voltage profile along the line using the variable tap transformer and the capacitor bank depending on the system information.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are various embodiments of systems and methods for controlling a voltage profile delivered to a load in an electric power system. According to various embodiments, an electric power system may include an electric power line, a variable tap transformer, and a capacitor bank. The variable tap transformer may include a plurality of tap positions. A tap change controller may be coupled with the variable tap transformer and may control the tap positions of the variable tap transformer. A capacitor bank controller may be coupled with the capacitor bank and may selectively couple the capacitor bank to the electric power line. The tap change controller and the capacitor bank controller may share system information related to the voltage profile along the electric power line and to change the voltage profile along the line using the variable tap transformer and the capacitor bank depending on the system information.

Abstract: A power system may comprise two or more transformers operating in parallel. A voltage differential may exist between the transformers, which may create a circulating current in the power system. The system voltage of the power system may be modified by performing a tap change operation on one or more of the transformers. The tap change operation may be configured to minimize the circulating current. The circulating current may be minimized by determining the bias between the transformers using an angular difference between the transformer currents. The angular difference may be calculated using time-aligned measurement data. A tap change operation configured to modify the system voltage, while minimizing circulating current, may be determined using the transformer bias.

Abstract: An intelligent electronic device may provide restricted earth fault protection to components of an electrical power delivery system using both an amplitude comparator and a phase angle comparator configured to independently detect faults. The IED may include selection logic configured to select the output of one of the phase angle comparator and the amplitude comparator, to the exclusion of the other, based on system conditions. Accordingly, when system conditions are such that a phase angle comparator is better suited to detect a fault, selection logic may select the output of the phase angle comparator. Similarly, when system conditions are such that an amplitude comparator may better detect a fault, selection logic may select the output of the amplitude comparator. A protection system may further include an in-zone fault detector configured to detect in-zone faults.

Abstract: A ground return path is determined to be impaired when no zero-sequence current is measured in the neutral return path, but zero-sequence current is detected in other suitable measuring points that include the windings of an autotransformer, or in a magnetically coupled delta-configured tertiary winding, or potential transformer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are various embodiments of systems and methods for controlling a voltage profile delivered to a load in an electric power system. According to various embodiments, an electric power system may include an electric power line, a variable tap transformer, and a capacitor bank. The variable tap transformer may include a plurality of tap positions. A tap change controller may be coupled with the variable tap transformer and may control the tap positions of the variable tap transformer. A capacitor bank controller may be coupled with the capacitor bank and may selectively couple the capacitor bank to the electric power line. The tap change controller and the capacitor bank controller may share system information related to the voltage profile along the electric power line and to change the voltage profile along the line using the variable tap transformer and the capacitor bank depending on the system information.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for identifying a faulted phase in at least one shunt capacitor bank. The apparatus generally includes a sampling circuit for sampling current or voltage signals associated with the shunt capacitor bank. A microcontroller is coupled to the sampling circuit and programmed to measure a compensated neutral point phase angle from the sampled signal, and compare the compensated neutral point phase angle with a fixed reference phase angle to identify the faulted phase of the shunt capacitor bank. The method generally includes the steps of sampling a current or voltage signal associated with the shunt capacitor bank, determining a compensated neutral point phase angle from the sampled signal, and comparing the compensated neutral point phase angle with a fixed reference phase angle to identify the faulted phase of the shunt capacitor bank. The invention also relates to an apparatus and method for identifying the location of the fault (e.g.

Abstract: A negative sequence differential element may detect a fault in an electrical power system by computing a differential between negative sequence values derived from a first phase-current measurement and a second phase-current measurement. A transformer may be disposed between the first phase-current and second phase-current measurement location. The first phase-current measurement and the second phase-current measurement may be normalized and a negative sequence current may be calculated therefrom. The negative sequence currents may be used to calculate an operating quantity, which may be an absolute value of the sum of the first and second negative sequence currents, and a restraint quantity comprising a maximum of the first and second negative sequence currents. The restraint quantity may be scaled by a slope factor. A fault may be detected if the operating quantity exceeds the scaled restraint quantity and a pickup current threshold.

Abstract: Provided are methods for controlling operation of a voltage regulator of a single-phase of a three-phase power system to regulate a measured voltage. One of the methods includes recording a first elapsed time between detecting a first excursion of the measured voltage from an in-band area to an out-of-band area, and a first return of the measured voltage to the in-band area. The method also includes recording a second elapsed time period (dip period) between detecting the first return and a second excursion of the measured voltage from the in-band area to an out-of-band area. If the second elapsed time period is less than a predetermined dip time period, causing a tap position change of the voltage regulator upon expiration of a countdown period initiated upon detecting the first excursion, thereby adjusting the measured voltage to the in-band area while allowing a voltage drop of limited length.

Abstract: A power system may comprise two or more transformers operating in parallel. A voltage differential may exist between the transformers, which may create a circulating current in the power system. The system voltage of the power system may be modified by performing a tap change operation on one or more of the transformers. The tap change operation may be configured to minimize the circulating current. The circulating current may be minimized by determining the bias between the transformers using an angular difference between the transformer currents. The angular difference may be calculated using time-aligned measurement data. A tap change operation configured to modify the system voltage, while minimizing circulating current, may be determined using the transformer bias.

Abstract: A negative sequence differential element may detect a fault in an electrical power system by computing a differential between negative sequence values derived from a first phase-current measurement and a second phase-current measurement. A transformer may be disposed between the first phase-current and second phase-current measurement location. The first phase-current measurement and the second phase-current measurement may be normalized and a negative sequence current may be calculated therefrom. The negative sequence currents may be used to calculate an operating quantity, which may be an absolute value of the sum of the first and second negative sequence currents, and a restraint quantity comprising a maximum of the first and second negative sequence currents. The restraint quantity may be scaled by a slope factor. A fault may be detected if the operating quantity exceeds the scaled restraint quantity and a pickup current threshold.

Abstract: Provided are methods for controlling operation of a voltage regulator of a single-phase of a three-phase power system to regulate a measured voltage. One of the methods includes recording a first elapsed time between detecting a first excursion of the measured voltage from an in-band area to an out-of-band area, and a first return of the measured voltage to the in-band area. The method also includes recording a second elapsed time period (dip period) between detecting the first return and a second excursion of the measured voltage from the in-band area to an out-of-band area. If the second elapsed time period is less than a predetermined dip time period, causing a tap position change of the voltage regulator upon expiration of a countdown period initiated upon detecting the first excursion, thereby adjusting the measured voltage to the in-band area while allowing a voltage drop of limited length.

Abstract: Provided are methods for controlling operation of a voltage regulator of a single-phase of a three-phase power system to regulate a measured voltage. One of the methods includes recording a first elapsed time between detecting a first excursion of the measured voltage from an in-band area to an out-of-band area, and a first return of the measured voltage to the in-band area. The method also includes recording a second elapsed time period (dip period) between detecting the first return and a second excursion of the measured voltage from the in-band area to an out-of-band area. If the second elapsed time period is less than a predetermined dip time period, causing a tap position change of the voltage regulator upon expiration of a countdown period initiated upon detecting the first excursion, thereby adjusting the measured voltage to the in-band area while allowing a voltage drop of limited length.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method for providing to a differential relay an operational vector-group compensation setting pair that automatically provides correction for a phase shift occurring between currents of at least two windings of a power transformer. The method includes calculating a first and second plurality of phasors using secondary currents derived from respective first and second winding of the at least two windings. The method also includes selecting one pair of vector-group compensation settings based on operate current values calculated using different pair combinations of the vector-group compensation settings applied to the first and second plurality of phasors.

Abstract: A ground return path is determined to be impaired when no zero-sequence current is measured in the neutral return path, but zero-sequence current is detected in other suitable measuring points that include the windings of an autotransformer, or in a magnetically coupled delta-configured tertiary winding, or potential transformer.

Abstract: Provided are methods for controlling operation of a voltage regulator of a single-phase of a three-phase power system to regulate a measured voltage. One of the methods includes recording a first elapsed time between detecting a first excursion of the measured voltage from an in-band area to an out-of-band area, and a first return of the measured voltage to the in-band area. The method also includes recording a second elapsed time period (dip period) between detecting the first return and a second excursion of the measured voltage from the in-band area to an out-of-band area. If the second elapsed time period is less than a predetermined dip time period, causing a tap position change of the voltage regulator upon expiration of a countdown period initiated upon detecting the first excursion, thereby adjusting the measured voltage to the in-band area while allowing a voltage drop of limited length.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method for providing a voltage reduction for single-phase voltage regulator operation in a three-phase power system. The voltage regulator includes a plurality of tap positions selectable to adjust a voltage at a load to an in-band area. The method includes determining a measured voltage and current at the voltage regulator, determining a line voltage drop between the voltage regulator and the load if the measured voltage in the OOB area above the in-band area, and utilizing the measured voltage to lower the voltage at the load if there are no available taps. The method also includes utilizing the measured voltage less the line voltage drop to determine the tap change if there are available taps.