Abstract: An electrochemical cell for measuring concentrations of metal ions comprises a sampling enclosure including a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. Ports are provided in the sampling enclosure for the introduction and removal of a liquid sample, an auxiliary reagent, and a standard solution. A stirring mechanism maintains a uniform composition of the liquid sample during operation of the cell. The electrochemical cell is operated by introducing the liquid sample into the sampling enclosure, applying a plating voltage between the working electrode and the counter electrode, and measuring the voltage response of the working electrode when the applied voltage is removed. The concentration of metal ions is then calculated from the voltage response. A standard solution is added to the liquid sample, after which the measurement is repeated to calculate the concentration of metal ions relative to the standard solution.

Abstract: Volatile organotin compounds are concentrated and subsequently eluted to a detector which provides an indication of the concentration of the various compounds of interest. An elongate tube having a longitudinal chamber containing granular absorbent receives the gas sample. Liquid nitrogen covers the tube and brings the temperature down to about -198.degree. C. at which temperature the organotins of interest are trapped in the chamber. A helical coil about the tube then heats it to discrete temperatures at which temperatures discrete ones of the organotins of interest are eluted to an interconnected detector. Precise control of the temperatures allows precise analysis of the organotin and a later raising of the temperature to an even higher level rids the longitudinal chamber of other compounds and water vapor so that liquid nitrogen can be reintroduced to start another cycle.

Abstract: A pair of pumps driven by a common motor draw in ambient seawater through e and expel it through the other to following electronic instrumentation. Coupled between the pumps, a rapidly rotating disk receives the flow of seawater and radially dissipates it in a multitude of separated droplets. The droplets are collected in a reservoir and the second pump expels it to the instrumentation. Where the flowing seawater is separated into droplets by the rapidly spinning disk, a break is created in the electrical conductivity continuity so that the following electronic instrumentation is not influenced by possible electrical potentials in the ambient seawater.