Abstract: The performance of forward error correction decoders for digital communication systems can be improved if soft information relating the reliability of the value representing the demodulated signal is provided to the decoder with a value for the signal. On the other hand, soft information increases the quantity of information that must be processed, increasing the cost and complexity of the decoder.

Abstract: In a direct sequence spread spectrum data communication system an information bit is mixed with a pseudorandom noise or spreading code to produce modulated codeword for transmission. A method of bandwidth efficient M-ary phase shift key modulation encoding at least 16 bits of data to a single codeword is disclosed for extending the data rate of a spread spectrum system. Interoperability with legacy devices is maximized by maintaining structural similarity between the modulated waveforms of the extended data rate and legacy systems.

Abstract: In a direct sequence spread spectrum data communication system an information bit is mixed with a pseudorandom noise or spreading code to produce modulated codeword for transmission. A method of bandwidth efficient M-ary phase shift key modulation encoding at least 16 bits of data to a single codeword is disclosed for extending the data rate of a spread spectrum system. Interoperability with legacy devices is maximized by maintaining structural similarity between the modulated waveforms of the extended data rate and legacy systems.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for forming a contact in a semiconductor device wherein a contact material is contacted with an area of a first conductive film between second conductive film patterns which are insulated with the first conductive film and closely adjacent to each other. The method comprises the steps of contacting with the first conductive film a first contact mediator passing by the second conductive film patterns, in a self-alignment manner, contacting a second contact mediator with a predetermined area of the first contact mediator, forming a conductive film spacer at a side wall of the second contact mediator with the contact mediator being patterned, and forming the contact material on the contact mediator.

Abstract: The DRAM cell comprises a bit line having a topology higher than a plate electrode atop a dielectric film formed on a charge storage electrode, wherein the bit line is connected with a drain region and also with an oxide film which is formed at a predetermined portion of the plate electrode placed above the drain region, the oxide film playing a role in insulating said plate electrode from said bit line.Serving as an insulator between the plate electrode and the bit line, the oxide film is formed by oxidizing the plate electrode adjacent to the bit line. By virtue of this oxide film, there can be secured allowance for the formation of highly integrated device.A DRAM cell can be fabricated in fewer process steps according to the present invention. The DRAM cell is superior in reliability even if it is highly integrated since the area of the capacitor is largely secured without any short phenomenon of bit line.

Abstract: The galenic composition of this invention has been found to possess valuable pharmacological properties in the prevention and treatment of the aftereffects related to ingesting excessive amount of ethanol. The inventive composition decreases blood alcohol concentration by stimulating the alcohol metabolism and reduces the increased content of neutral fat in the blood due to alcohol intake. The composition comprises puerariae radix, phaseoli radiati semen, small red bean, crataegi fructus, malt, cnidii rhizoma, atractylodes rhizoma, cassiae semen, amomi semen, menthae folium and fructose. In the galenic composition of the present invention puerariae radix, phaseoli radiati semen, small red bean, crataegi fructus, malt, cnidii rhizoma, atractylodes rhizoma, cassiae semen, amomi semen, menthae folium and fructose is present preferably in the weight ratio of 20-50:20-50:20-50: 10-25:10-25:10-25:10-25:10-25:3-7:1-5:200-300, respectively.

Abstract: The galenic composition of this invention has been found to possess valuable pharmacological properties in the prevention of the aftereffects related to ingesting excessive amounts of ethanol. The inventive composition decreases blood alcohol concentration and reduces the increased content of neutral fat in the blood due to alcohol intake. The composition comprises an amount of fructose and an aqueous extract of pueraria flower, phaseoli radiati semen and pinelliae tuber sufficient to increase, in vivo, metabolic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or excipient therefor. A method of treating the aftereffects of ingesting excessive amounts of ethanol is also disclosed.