Abstract: An auxiliary positioning system includes an ultra-wideband (UWB) element, and a service management and orchestration (SMO) apparatus and a near-real time ran intelligent controller (Near-RT RIC) connected with each other, wherein the SMO apparatus includes a non-real time ran intelligent controller (Non-RT RIC). The UWB element is connected to a second application disposed at at least one of the SMO apparatus, the Near-RT RIC and the Non-RT RIC through a first application. The UWB element is configured to output positioning information of a user device to the second application through the first application.

Abstract: A system for expansion of open radio access network includes a service management and orchestration (SMO) apparatus and a near-real time ran intelligent controller (Near-RT RIC) connected with each other, wherein the SMO apparatus includes a non-real-time ran intelligent controller (Non-RT RIC). Each of the SMO apparatus, the Near-RT RIC and the Non-RT RIC includes a first decoder, and at least one of the SMO apparatus, the Near-RT RIC and the Non-RT RIC includes a second decoder. The first decoder is configured to decode a first packet of a first communication protocol, the second decoder is configured to decode a second packet of a second communication protocol, and the first communication protocol is different from the second communication protocol.

Abstract: A metal-insulator-semiconductor-insulator-metal (MISIM) device includes a semiconductor layer, an insulating layer disposed over an upper surface of the semiconductor layer, a back electrode disposed over a lower surface of the semiconductor layer opposing the upper surface, and first and second electrodes disposed over the insulating layer and spaced-apart from each other.