Abstract: Provided is a method of forming a metal oxide layer may include forming a parent metal oxide layer on the substrate structure; changing the parent metal oxide layer into a cation-exchanged metal oxide layer through a cation exchange reaction between cations in the parent metal oxide layer and cations in the reaction solution by contacting the parent metal oxide layer with a reaction solution containing these latter cations; and performing a heat treatment process on the cation-exchanged metal oxide layer.

Abstract: A method of cleaning a collector of an extreme ultraviolet light source system includes introducing the collector separated from the extreme ultraviolet light source system into a chamber; capturing an optical image of a reflective surface of the collector; measuring a contamination level of the reflective surface by comparing the optical image with a prestored standard image; performing a first cleaning operation if the contamination level exceeds a preset first reference value, the first cleaning operation including cleaning the reflective surface by spraying dry ice particles onto the reflective surface; and performing a second cleaning operation if the contamination level is less than or equal to the preset first reference value. The second cleaning operation includes cleaning the reflective surface by radiating atmospheric plasma onto the reflective surface and measuring a microcontamination level and a damage level of the reflective surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus allocates an IP address between terminals in a wireless communication network in which terminals directly communicate with each other in a wireless scheme without an AP. The method for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address of a wireless terminal capable of performing P2P communication, includes a discovery step of discovering at least one external terminal capable of performing the P2P communication and connecting with the at least one discovered external terminal by the wireless terminal; and a negotiation step of negotiating and determining with the external terminal which external terminals become a group owner and a group client in a P2P group, respectively by the wireless terminal. One of the discovery step and the negotiation step includes transmitting an IP address to be allocated to the group client to the external terminal from the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus allocates an IP address between terminals in a wireless communication network in which terminals directly communicate with each other in a wireless scheme without an AP. The method for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address of a wireless terminal capable of performing P2P communication, includes a discovery step of discovering at least one external terminal capable of performing the P2P communication and connecting with the at least one discovered external terminal by the wireless terminal; and a negotiation step of negotiating and determining with the external terminal which external terminals become a group owner and a group client in a P2P group, respectively by the wireless terminal. One of the discovery step and the negotiation step includes transmitting an IP address to be allocated to the group client to the external terminal from the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus allocates an IP address between terminals in a wireless communication network in which terminals directly communicate with each other in a wireless scheme without an AP. The method for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address of a wireless terminal capable of performing P2P communication, includes a discovery step of discovering at least one external terminal capable of performing the P2P communication and connecting with the at least one discovered external terminal by the wireless terminal; and a negotiation step of negotiating and determining with the external terminal which external terminals become a group owner and a group client in a P2P group, respectively by the wireless terminal. One of the discovery step and the negotiation step includes transmitting an IP address to be allocated to the group client to the external terminal from the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus allocates an IP address between terminals in a wireless communication network in which terminals directly communicate with each other in a wireless scheme without an AP. The method for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address of a wireless terminal capable of performing P2P communication, includes a discovery step of discovering at least one external terminal capable of performing the P2P communication and connecting with the at least one discovered external terminal by the wireless terminal; and a negotiation step of negotiating and determining with the external terminal which external terminals become a group owner and a group client in a P2P group, respectively by the wireless terminal. One of the discovery step and the negotiation step includes transmitting an IP address to be allocated to the group client to the external terminal from the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus allocates an IP address between terminals in a wireless communication network in which terminals directly communicate with each other in a wireless scheme without an AP. The method for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address of a wireless terminal capable of performing P2P communication, includes a discovery step of discovering at least one external terminal capable of performing the P2P communication and connecting with the at least one discovered external terminal by the wireless terminal; and a negotiation step of negotiating and determining with the external terminal which external terminals become a group owner and a group client in a P2P group, respectively by the wireless terminal. One of the discovery step and the negotiation step includes transmitting an IP address to be allocated to the group client to the external terminal from the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for discovering a device without an access point (AP) to perform P2P communication in a wireless communication network includes: receiving a probe request frame from another P2P device; determining whether a message requesting at least one of a phone number and user identification information is included in the received probe request frame; and transmitting a probe response frame including at least one of the phone number and the user identification information to the another P2P device when the message is included in the probe request frame.

Abstract: A method and apparatus allocates an IP address between terminals in a wireless communication network in which terminals directly communicate with each other in a wireless scheme without an AP. The method for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address of a wireless terminal capable of performing P2P communication, includes a discovery step of discovering at least one external terminal capable of performing the P2P communication and connecting with the at least one discovered external terminal by the wireless terminal; and a negotiation step of negotiating and determining with the external terminal which external terminals become a group owner and a group client in a P2P group, respectively by the wireless terminal. One of the discovery step and the negotiation step includes transmitting an IP address to be allocated to the group client to the external terminal from the wireless terminal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus allocates an IP address between terminals in a wireless communication network in which terminals directly communicate with each other in a wireless scheme without an AP. The method for allocating an Internet Protocol (IP) address of a wireless terminal capable of performing P2P communication, includes a discovery step of discovering at least one external terminal capable of performing the P2P communication and connecting with the at least one discovered external terminal by the wireless terminal; and a negotiation step of negotiating and determining with the external terminal which external terminals become a group owner and a group client in a P2P group, respectively by the wireless terminal. One of the discovery step and the negotiation step includes transmitting an IP address to be allocated to the group client to the external terminal from the wireless terminal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing an electronic device comprising at least one layer selected from the group consisting of a upper electrode layer, a lower electrode layer, an organic layer and an inorganic layer, which comprises a step of introducing a nanoparticle layer or a nano/micro structure layer by adhering charged nanoparticles, before, after or during forming the layer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for discovering a device without an access point (AP) to perform P2P communication in a wireless communication network includes: receiving a probe request frame from another P2P device; determining whether a message requesting at least one of a phone number and user identification information is included in the received probe request frame; and transmitting a probe response frame including at least one of the phone number and the user identification information to the another P2P device when the message is included in the probe request frame.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for discovering a device without an access point (AP) to perform P2P communication in a wireless communication network includes: receiving a probe request frame from another P2P device; determining whether a message requesting at least one of a phone number and user identification information is included in the received probe request frame; and transmitting a probe response frame including at least one of the phone number and the user identification information to the another P2P device when the message is included in the probe request frame.

Abstract: A secure connection method and apparatus is provided for establishing secure connections among a plurality of electronic devices forming a group network. The data communication method includes generating, when creating or joining a group network, an encryption key using a password entered by a user. The data communication method also includes generating an identifier of the group network. The data communication method further includes generating a hash function predefined among the electronic devices of the group network. The data communication method includes performing data communication using the encryption key.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing an electronic device comprising at least one layer selected from the group consisting of a upper electrode layer, a lower electrode layer, an organic layer and an inorganic layer, which comprises a step of introducing a nanoparticle layer or a nano/micro structure layer by adhering charged nanoparticles, before, after or during forming the layer.

Abstract: Methods of transferring a metal and/or organic layer from a patterned stamp, preferably a soft, elastomeric stamp, to a substrate are provided. The patterned metal or organic layer may be used for example, in a wide range of electronic devices. The present methods are particularly suitable for nanoscale patterning of organic electronic components.

Abstract: Methods of transferring a metal and/or organic layer from a patterned stamp, preferably a soft, elastomeric stamp, to a substrate are provided. The patterned metal or organic layer may be used for example, in a wide range of electronic devices. The present methods are particularly suitable for nanoscale patterning of organic electronic components.

Abstract: Methods of transferring a metal and/or organic layer from a patterned stamp, preferably a soft, elastomeric stamp, to a substrate are provided. The patterned metal or organic layer may be used for example, in a wide range of electronic devices. The present methods are particularly suitable for nanoscale patterning of organic electronic components.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of depositing a layer of a conductive material, e.g. metal, metal oxide or electroconductive polymer, from a patterned stamp, preferably a soft, elastomeric stamp, to a substrate after an organic layer has been transferred from a patterned stamp to an organic layer over the substrate. The patterned metal or organic layer may be used for example, in a wide range of electronic devices. The present methods are particularly suitable for nanoscale patterning of organic electronic components.

Abstract: An organic semiconductor device is provided. The device has a first electrode and a second electrode, with an organic semiconductor layer disposed between the first and second electrodes. An electrically conductive grid is disposed within the organic semiconductor layer, which has openings in which the organic semiconductor layer is present. At least one insulating layer is disposed adjacent to the electrically conductive grid, preferably such that the electrically conductive grid is completely separated from the organic semiconductor layer by the insulating layer. Methods of fabricating the device, and the electrically conductive grid in particular, are also provided. In one method, openings are formed in an electrically conductive layer with a patterned die, which is then removed. In another method, an electrically conductive layer and a first insulating layer are etched through the mask to expose portions of a first electrode.