Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and compositions for cleaning gas. The use of segmented multistage ammonia-based liquid spray with different oxidation potentials to remove sulfur compounds from gas. The use of different oxidation potentials may reduce unwanted ammonia slip.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for desulfurization of a sulfur-oxide containing gas by treatment with ammonia containing liquids. The apparatus and methods may utilize two distinct circuits of two different ammonia containing liquids which are applied in two distinct chambers. The gas may be cooled prior to entry into the circuits. There may be fluid communication between the two circulation circuits.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and compositions for cleaning gas. The use of segmented multistage ammonia-based liquid spray with different oxidation potentials to remove sulfur compounds from gas. The use of different oxidation potentials may reduce unwanted ammonia slip.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for desulfurization of a sulfur-oxide containing gas by treatment with ammonia containing liquids. The apparatus and methods may utilize two distinct circuits of two different ammonia containing liquids which are applied in two distinct chambers. The gas may be cooled prior to entry into the circuits. There may be fluid communication between the two circulation circuits.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for desulfurization of a sulfur-oxide containing gas by treatment with ammonia containing liquids. The apparatus and methods may utilize two distinct circuits of two different ammonia containing liquids which are applied in two distinct chambers. The gas may be cooled prior to entry into the circuits. There may be fluid communication between the two circulation circuits.

Abstract: A flue gas-treating method for treating acid tail gas by using an ammonia process, comprising the following steps of: 1) controlling the concentration of sulfur dioxide in an acid tail gas entering an absorber to be ?30,000 mg/Nm3; 2) spraying and cooling with a process water or/and an ammonium sulfate solution in the inlet duct of the absorber or inside the absorber; 3) providing an oxidation section in the absorber, wherein the oxidation section is provided with oxidation distributors for oxidizing the desulfurization absorption solution; 4) providing an absorption section in the absorber wherein the absorption section achieves desulfurization spray absorption by using absorption solution distributors via an absorption solution containing ammonia; the absorption solution containing ammonia is supplied by an ammonia storage tank; 5) providing a water washing layer above the absorption section in the absorber, wherein the water washing layer washes the absorption solution in the tail gas to reduce the slip of

Abstract: A flue gas-treating method for treating acid tail gas by using an ammonia process, comprising the following steps of: 1) controlling the concentration of sulfur dioxide in an acid tail gas entering an absorber to be ?30,000 mg/Nm3; 2) spraying and cooling with a process water or/and an ammonium sulfate solution in the inlet duct of the absorber or inside the absorber; 3) providing an oxidation section in the absorber, wherein the oxidation section is provided with oxidation distributors for oxidizing the desulfurization absorption solution; 4) providing an absorption section in the absorber wherein the absorption section achieves desulfurization spray absorption by using absorption solution distributors via an absorption solution containing ammonia; the absorption solution containing ammonia is supplied by an ammonia storage tank; 5) providing a water washing layer above the absorption section in the absorber, wherein the water washing layer washes the absorption solution in the tail gas to reduce the slip of

Abstract: A method for effectively removing acidic sulfide gas using ammonia-based desulfurization includes the following steps of: 1) pre-treatment, wherein sulfide in acid gas undergoes through pre-treatment methods of sulfur recovery, acid making or/and incineration to convert remaining sulfur in the acid gas into sulfur oxides, and the acid tail gas with sulfur oxides is obtained; and the acid gas is derived from petrochemical industry, natural gas chemical industry, coal chemical industry, etc.; 2) ammonia absorption of sulfur oxides, wherein the acid tail gas with sulfur oxides is allowed to flow into an ammonia absorption apparatus, and a cyclic absorption solution is used to absorb sulfur oxides; and 3) post-treatment of ammonium sulfate, wherein a saturated or nearly saturated absorption solution undergoes concentration, crystallization, solid-liquid separation, and drying to obtain a solid product of ammonium sulfate.

Abstract: A flue gas-treating method for treating acid tail gas by using an ammonia process, comprising the following steps of: 1) controlling the concentration of sulfur dioxide in an acid tail gas entering an absorber to be ?30,000 mg/Nm3; 2) spraying and cooling with a process water or/and an ammonium sulfate solution in the inlet duct of the absorber or inside the absorber; 3) providing an oxidation section in the absorber, wherein the oxidation section is provided with oxidation distributors for oxidizing the desulfurization absorption solution; 4) providing an absorption section in the absorber wherein the absorption section achieves desulfurization spray absorption by using absorption solution distributors via an absorption solution containing ammonia; the absorption solution containing ammonia is supplied by an ammonia storage tank; 5) providing a water washing layer above the absorption section in the absorber, wherein the water washing layer washes the absorption solution in the tail gas to reduce the slip of

Abstract: A sealing microsawtooth ring joint, made between a toothed seating surface and a full plain seated surface by a microsawtooth ring with its tooth crest on the seating surface being a cutting edge whose corner or whose crest angle is about 90°˜120°, with its tooth height Zt being about 10˜20 times the roughness Ra of the seated surface, and with the ratio of its tooth pitch Xs to its tooth height Zt being 20˜500 to ensure that the tight joint has a microcosmic line contact followed by a surface contact or to ensure that the tight joint has both such a line contact as to be able to provide a necessary seating stress locally and such a surface contact as to be able to protect the line contact from being excessively pressed to get blunt or disappeared, can be used either as a pressure-tight joint or as a self-energizing tight joint of any too surfaces such as flats to flats, cones to cones or spheres, spheres to spheres or cones etc.

Abstract: A sealing microsawtooth ring joint, made between a toothed seating surface and a full plain seated surface by a microsawtooth ring with its tooth crest on the seating surface being a cutting edge whose corner or whose crest angle is about 90°˜120°, with its tooth height Zt being about 10˜20 times the roughness Ra of the seated surface, and with the ratio of its tooth pitch Xs to its tooth height Zt being 20˜500 to ensure that the tight joint has a microcosmic line contact followed by a surface contact or to ensure that the tight joint has both such a line contact as to be able to provide a necessary seating stress locally and such a surface contact as to be able to protect the line contact from being excessively pressed to get blunt or disappeared, can be used either as a pressure-tight joint or as a self-energizing tight joint of any too surfaces such as flats to flats, cones to cones or spheres, spheres to spheres or cones etc.

Abstract: It is inevitable for the tight closure of a ball valve to be disturbed by its ball's wedging action, and its ball seat is an upset impulse amplifier with an inherent disturbance resistance index or a sealing maintaining factor m. The ball valve seat designed with equilateral triangle section methods of the invention can positively ensure itself a resistance to ball-wedged disturbance from eccentric drive to make a ball valve realize its tight closure by the floated pressure of balls or seats onto each other and ensure that the ultimate rotational resistance to the ball only relates to the ultimate pressure from/on one seat.

Abstract: A sealing microsawtooth ring joint, made between a toothed seating surface and a full plain seated surface by a microsawtooth ring with its tooth crest on the seating surface being a cutting edge whose corner or whose crest angle is about 90°˜120°, with its tooth height Zt being about 10˜20 times the roughness Ra of the seated surface, and with the ratio of its tooth pitch Xs to its tooth height Zt being 20˜500 to ensure that the tight joint has a microcosmic line contact followed by a surface contact or to ensure that the tight joint has both such a line contact as to be able to provide a necessary seating stress locally and such a surface contact as to be able to protect the line contact from being excessively pressed to get blunt or disappeared, can be used either as a pressure-tight joint or as a self-energizing tight joint of any two surfaces such as flats to flats, cones to cones or spheres, spheres to spheres or cones etc.

Abstract: A sealing microsawtooth ring joint, made between a toothed seating surface and a full plain seated surface by a microsawtooth ring with its tooth crest on the seating surface being a cutting edge whose corner or whose crest angle is about 90°˜120°, with its tooth height Zt being about 10˜20 times the roughness Ra of the seated surface, and with the ratio of its tooth pitch Xs to its tooth height Zt being 20˜500 to ensure that the tight joint has a microcosmic line contact followed by a surface contact or to ensure that the tight joint has both such a line contact as to be able to provide a necessary seating stress locally and such a surface contact as to be able to protect the line contact from being excessively pressed to get blunt or disappeared, can be used either as a pressure-tight joint or as a self-energizing tight joint of any two surfaces such as flats to flats, cones to cones or spheres, spheres to spheres or cones etc.

Abstract: A stem shoulder seal with double rings is composed of a sealing ring, a clamping ring and a spherical or conical stem shoulder, and the sealing ring is of a self-energized seal designed to its ultimate allowable strength and automatically free of any load beyond its ultimate strength. An assembly of independent dual stem seals, consisting of a stem shoulder seal with double rings, a stem cylinder seal with triangular sections and an isolating mating, can ensure that a stem has three seals which get well seated automatically at the same time to bear an identical ultimate medium pressure independently or without any mutual interference in service when assembled to the extent that the stem operating torque is just definitely increased, thereby ensuring that a stem sealing has a triple safety.

Abstract: Any stem seal using either a triangle-sectional bushing or ring as stem cylinder seals or a ball wedge/spherical socket mating arrangement as stem shoulder seals can individually withstand the same pressure as the burst pressure of bodies without failure. The sectional triangle of the triangle-sectional bushing or ring is truncated to provide a wearing and compressing allowance for the bushing or ring, and so will be again a full triangle or an untruncated triangle when the bushing or ring is fully worn. The ball wedge/spherical socket mating is a mating which uses ball wedges as a stop shoulder of stems and the spherical socket as a stop socket at stem exits.

Abstract: A stem shoulder seal with double rings is composed of a sealing ring, a clamping ring and a spherical or conical stem shoulder, and the sealing ring is of a self-energized seal designed to its ultimate allowable strength and automatically free of any load beyond its ultimate strength. An assembly of independent dual stem seals, consisting of a stem shoulder seal with double rings, a stem cylinder seal with triangular sections and an isolating mating, can ensure that a stem has three seals which get well seated automatically at the same time to bear an identical ultimate medium pressure independently or without any mutual interference in service when assembled to the extent that the stem operating torque is just definitely increased, thereby ensuring that a stem sealing has a triple safety.

Abstract: A sealing microsawtooth ring joint, made between a toothed seating surface and a full plain seated surface by a microsawtooth ring with its tooth crest on the seating surface being a cutting edge whose corner or whose crest angle is about 90°˜120°, with its tooth height Zt being about 10˜20 times the roughness Ra of the seated surface, and with the ratio of its tooth pitch Xs to its tooth height Zt being 20˜500 to ensure that the tight joint has a microcosmic line contact followed by a surface contact or to ensure that the tight joint has both such a line contact as to be able to provide a necessary seating stress locally and such a surface contact as to be able to protect the line contact from being excessively pressed to get blunt or disappeared, can be used either as a pressure-tight joint or as a self-energizing tight joint of any two surfaces such as flats to flats, cones to cones or spheres, spheres to spheres or cones etc.

Abstract: It is inevitable for the tight closure of a ball valve to be disturbed by its ball's wedging action, and its ball seat is an upset impulse amplifier with an inherent disturbance resistance index or a sealing maintaining factor m. The ball valve seat designed with equilateral triangle section methods of the invention can positively ensure itself a resistance to ball-wedged disturbance from eccentric drive to make a ball valve realize its tight closure by the floated pressure of balls or seats onto each other and ensure that the ultimate rotational resistance to the ball only relates to the ultimate pressure from/on one seat.

Abstract: A gland seal designed according to the joint's factors m and y and the seal-designing rule refined from ASME Code to result in its minimum necessary seating stress y at no fluid pressure being so small to be ignorable that its sealing maintenance factor or disturbance resistance index m, equal to the joint's sealing actuation force divided by the joint's unseating actuation force, can be used to indicate its sealing safety at a fluid pressure: when m=1, its sealing actuation force equals its unseating actuation force or equals its “seating area×fluid pressure” and so it can be kept leak-free under no upset disturbance condition and may leak at an upset moment, and when m>1, it can be resistant to an upset disturbance and be the greater, the more resistant. The factor m for a self-energizing tight joint is equal to its fluid's sealing actuation area divided by its fluid's unseating actuation area.