Abstract: A battery disconnect unit includes a contactor; a busbar electrically connected to the contactor; a heat dissipation sheet insert-injected together with at least a part of the busbar; and a cooling plate located under the heat dissipation sheet, wherein an end portion of the busbar is electrically connected to the contactor.

Abstract: A storage system communicates with a host system and includes a storage device including storage medium divided into a plurality of blocks including high reliability blocks and reserve blocks, and a controller. The controller provides the host system with block information identifying the high reliability blocks among the plurality of blocks, receives a block allocation request from the host system, wherein the block allocation request is defined with reference to the block information and identifies at least one high reliability block to be used to store metadata, and allocates at least one high reliability block to a meta region in response to the block allocation request. The controller includes a bad block manager that manages an allocation operation performed in response to the block allocation request, and a repair module that repairs an error in metadata stored in one of the high reliability blocks.

Abstract: An electrocatalytic catalyst is provided. The electrocatalytic catalyst includes a xerogel including copper (I) oxide and copper.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory system including a memory device, including in response to a write request of a host, storing write data and a physical address received from the host in a buffer; performing a write operation on the memory device based on the write data and the physical address; based on a write error corresponding to the write data occurring, asynchronously providing the host with error occurrence information; and providing the host with the write data having the write error and information used for a recovery from the write error.

Abstract: A host system configured to communicate with a storage system, including a host flash translation layer (FTL) configured to manage a plurality of blocks included in the storage system, wherein the host FTL includes a block assignment module configured to generate priority information indicating priorities of free blocks from among the plurality of blocks based on erase count values of the free blocks, and wherein the host FTL is configured to assign a free block having a lowest erase count value, from among the free blocks, for a data write operation based on the priority information; a counting circuit configured to count a number of erase operations performed on each of the plurality of blocks; and an interface circuit configured to transmit to the storage system a block address along with an access request to the storage system, the block address indicating a position of the assigned free block.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory system including a memory device, including reading data from the memory device based on a first physical address received from a host according to a read request received from the host; detecting a read error of the read data; correcting the read data based on the detecting; transmitting the corrected data to the host; asynchronously transmitting to the host an error occurrence signal for the read error; generating information about the read error; transmitting the information about the read error to the host; and rewriting the corrected data based on a second physical address received from the host according to a write request of the host.

Abstract: A host system configured to communicate with a storage system, including a host flash translation layer (FTL) configured to manage a plurality of blocks included in the storage system, wherein the host FTL includes a block assignment module configured to generate priority information indicating priorities of free blocks from among the plurality of blocks based on erase count values of the free blocks, and wherein the host FTL is configured to assign a free block having a lowest erase count value, from among the free blocks, for a data write operation based on the priority information; a counting circuit configured to count a number of erase operations performed on each of the plurality of blocks; and an interface circuit configured to transmit to the storage system a block address along with an access request to the storage system, the block address indicating a position of the assigned free block.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory system including a memory device, including in response to a write request of a host, storing write data and a physical address received from the host in a buffer; performing a write operation on the memory device based on the write data and the physical address; based on a write error corresponding to the write data occurring, asynchronously providing the host with error occurrence information; and providing the host with the write data having the write error and information used for a recovery from the write error.

Abstract: A method of operating a memory system including a memory device, including reading data from the memory device based on a first physical address received from a host according to a read request received from the host; detecting a read error of the read data; correcting the read data based on the detecting; transmitting the corrected data to the host; asynchronously transmitting to the host an error occurrence signal for the read error; generating information about the read error; transmitting the information about the read error to the host; and rewriting the corrected data based on a second physical address received from the host according to a write request of the host.

Abstract: A storage system communicates with a host system and includes a storage device including storage medium divided into a plurality of blocks including high reliability blocks and reserve blocks, and a controller. The controller provides the host system with block information identifying the high reliability blocks among the plurality of blocks, receives a block allocation request from the host system, wherein the block allocation request is defined with reference to the block information and identifies at least one high reliability block to be used to store metadata, and allocates at least one high reliability block to a meta region in response to the block allocation request. The controller includes a bad block manager that manages an allocation operation performed in response to the block allocation request, and a repair module that repairs an error in metadata stored in one of the high reliability blocks.

Abstract: A communication method of an application processor includes generating a plurality of files; generating a file set channel by transmitting a first pattern of input/output (I/O) requests to a storage device, the I/O requests being I/O requests corresponding to files from among the plurality of files; and transmitting first bit data to the storage device via the file set channel, the first bit data being transmitted using file set signaling, the file set signaling including a second pattern of I/O requests corresponding to first files from among the plurality of files such that each file in the plurality of files represents a bit of the first bit data.

Abstract: A method of operating a host controlling a storage medium includes receiving initial authentication information; setting a portion of a storage space of the storage medium as a protection area; transmitting the received initial authentication information and protection area information with respect to the protection area to the storage medium; and discarding the initial authentication information in the host.

Abstract: A communication method of an application processor includes generating a plurality of files; generating a file set channel by transmitting a first pattern of input/output (I/O) requests to a storage device, the I/O requests being I/O requests corresponding to files from among the plurality of files; and transmitting first bit data to the storage device via the file set channel, the first bit data being transmitted using file set signaling, the file set signaling including a second pattern of I/O requests corresponding to first files from among the plurality of files such that each file in the plurality of files represents a bit of the first bit data.

Abstract: A communication method of an application processor includes generating a plurality of files; generating a file set channel by transmitting a first pattern of input/output (I/O) requests to a storage device, the I/O requests being I/O requests corresponding to files from among the plurality of files; and transmitting first bit data to the storage device via the file set channel, the first bit data being transmitted using file set signaling, the file set signaling including a second pattern of I/O requests corresponding to first files from among the plurality of files such that each file in the plurality of files represents a bit of the first bit data.

Abstract: A communication method of an application processor includes generating a plurality of files; generating a file set channel by transmitting a first pattern of input/output (I/O) requests to a storage device, the I/O requests being I/O requests corresponding to files from among the plurality of files; and transmitting first bit data to the storage device via the file set channel, the first bit data being transmitted using file set signaling, the file set signaling including a second pattern of I/O requests corresponding to first files from among the plurality of files such that each file in the plurality of files represents a bit of the first bit data.