Abstract: The invention relates to an in-vitro method for identifying a diabetic patient as responder or non-responder to a treatment of Proinsulin, Interleukin 10 and anti-CD3, based on the expression level of at least 1 microRNA, selected from the group consisting of miR-365, miR-34a, miR-193b and miR-125a, in a sample from the diabetic patient prior to said treatment.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods that increases the graft survival rate of pancreatic islets after pancreatic islet transplantation, maintains the survival of pancreatic islets ex vivo, and reduce the number of transplanted pancreatic islets required for normalizing blood glucose levels. When performing pancreatic islet transplantation, by contacting pancreatic islets with stem cells or by transplanting pancreatic islets and stem cells in contact with each other, it is possible to significantly improve graft survival rate of transplanted pancreatic islets and reduce the number of transplanted pancreatic islets required for normalizing blood glucose levels. The invention also provides compositions for pancreatic islet transplantation comprising the islets and the stem cells or conditioned medium from stem cell culture islets. Thus, the composition and methods are useful for treating diabetes.

Abstract: A method for modulating the immune system by administering one or more vitamin D (analogues) to a subject in need of immune therapy, which method may (but need not) include simultaneous treatment with a second immune system modulating active agent. Preferably, the treatment method is used to induce primary or secondary prevention of type I diabetes in a subject susceptible to type I diabetes. Administration of the vitamin D (analogues) is enteral or parenteral.