Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a catalyst for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate and a synthesis method for a cyclic carbonate. The present disclosure provides a novel catalyst of a hydroxy quaternary phosphonium salt structure, wherein a specific type of substituent is selected, such that the catalytic effect of the catalyst is significantly improved, and meanwhile, the catalyst has superior stability. For the cyclic carbonate synthesized by using the catalyst of the present disclosure, the selectivity of the product is as high as 99.8%, and the yield is as high as 99%; the catalyst can still maintain a relatively high yield and relatively good stability after being repeatedly used.

Abstract: In various examples, a traffic model including one or more traffic scenarios may be generated and/or updated based on using human feedback. Human feedback may be provided indicating a preference for various traffic scenarios to identify which scenarios in a model are more realistic. A reward model may capture the preference information and rank the realism of one or more traffic scenarios.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode includes a positive electrode material layer, the positive electrode material layer includes a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material includes LiNixCoyMnzL(1-x-y-2)O2, where L is Al, Sr, Mg. Ti, Ca, Zr, Zn, Si, Cu, V or Fe, 0.5?x?1, 0?y?0.5, 0?z?0.5, 0?x+y+z?1, and an upper limit voltage of the lithium-ion battery is ?4.2 V. The non-aqueous electrolyte includes a solvent, an electrolyte salt and a compound represented by formula 1: A-D-B-E-C, Formula 1. Based on a total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte as 100%, the compound represented by the formula 1 is added in an amount of 0.01 to 5.0%.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium iron phosphate battery, comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode comprises a positive electrode material layer with a compacted density of 2.3-2.8 g/cc, and the positive electrode material layer comprises a positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material comprises LiFePO4; the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a solvent, an electrolyte salt, vinylene carbonate and a compound represented by Structural formula 1; an addition amount of the compound represented by Structural formula 1 is 0.01-5% based on a total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte being 100%.

Abstract: The present application provides a secondary battery, including a positive electrode, a negative electrode with a negative electrode material layer, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, the negative electrode material layer comprises a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material comprises a silicon-based material; the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a solvent, an electrolyte salt and an additive, the additives comprises a compound represented by structural formula 1; wherein n is 0 or 1, A is selected from C or O, X is selected from R1 and R2 are each independently selected from H, R1 and R2 are not selected from H at the same time, and X, R1 and R2 comprise at least one sulfur atom; the secondary battery meets the following requirements: 0 . 2 ? 1 ? m * n * r S ? 40 ; and 40%?m?90%, 0.05%?n?2%, 1.2 g/cm3?r?1.8 g/cm3, 5%?S?30%.

Abstract: Provided are a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a solvent, an electrolyte salt and a first additive, wherein the first additive is selected from at least one of the compounds as shown in structural formula 1: A-D-B-E-C, structural formula 1, wherein A, B, and C are each independently selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonate groups, cyclic sulfate groups, cyclic sulfite groups, cyclic sulfonate groups, cyclic sulfone groups, cyclic sulfoxide groups, cyclic carboxylate groups or cyclic anhydride groups; D and E are each independently selected from single bond, or groups containing hydrocarbylene groups, ether bonds, sulfur-oxygen double bonds or carbon-oxygen double bonds; and the content of methanol in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 200 ppm or less. Further disclosed is a battery comprising the non-aqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: The present application belongs to the technical field of new energy, in particular to a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium ion battery and a lithium ion battery. The non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium ion battery comprises a non-aqueous organic solvent, a lithium salt, and a spiro compound represented by Structural Formula 1. The compound represented by Structural Formula 1 has the characteristic of sulfonate additives to improve high-temperature storage performance of battery, and also has the characteristic of sulfate additives to improve high-temperature cycle performance of battery. A passivation film is deposited on the surface of positive electrode, and functional group X is further crosslinked to make the coated passivation film more compact and stable, which can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode, the storage performance and self-discharge performance of the battery.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the electrochemical field, particularly to an electrolyte solute and an electrolyte that are used for a high-voltage supercapacitor, and a high-voltage supercapacitor using the electrolyte. The anion of the electrolyte solute may be one or more selected from tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tris (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) methyl and perfluoroalkyl sulfonate, and the cation may be N-methyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ammonium, N,N-dimethyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ammonium, N-methyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ammonium. The high-voltage supercapacitor fabricated by using the electrolyte formulated by the electrolyte solute of the present invention can work stably for a long period of time at a voltage of 2.7 V to 3.2 V, the energy density is greatly increased, the property of high power density is maintained, and the working life is prolonged.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the electrochemical field, particularly to an electrolyte solute and an electrolyte that are used for a high-voltage supercapacitor, and a high-voltage supercapacitor using the electrolyte. The anion of the electrolyte solute may be one or more selected from tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tris (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) methyl and perfluoroalkyl sulfonate, and the cation may be N-methyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ammonium, N,N-dimethyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ammonium, N-methyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2] octane ammonium. The high-voltage supercapacitor fabricated by using the electrolyte formulated by the electrolyte solute of the present invention can work stably for a long period of time at a voltage of 2.7 V to 3.2 V, the energy density is greatly increased, the property of high power density is maintained, and the working life is prolonged.