Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring electrical signals propagated through a living organism. A bipolar electrode is placed in contact with the tissue of the organism. Means is operatively connected to the electrode for performing a Hilbert transform on signals from the electrode. The individual electrodes of the bipolar electrode are preferably spaced-apart a distance d so as to satisfy the equation: .vertline..pi.Bd/v.vertline.<.pi./2. The Hilbert transform can be implemented by performing a Fourier transform on the signal, multiplying the signal by the imaginary number j, changing the sign of the signal at all negative frequencies, and then performing a reverse Fourier transform on the signal. The resulting signal is then displayed. Preferably brush tip electrodes are used for EMG signals although the method and apparatus is also applicable to needle electrodes.

Abstract: An electrode is used the connecting apparatuses to the skin surface of a living body. It includes a tube having an end and a plurality of hard, resilient wires extending outwardly from the end of the tube. The wires have splayed ends in a brush-tip-like arrangement having an end formed by the spaced-apart wires which is multi-pointed and abrasive.

Abstract: An infrared signal transmitter which has a signal generator enclosed in a housing, and a transmitter head which is removably attached thereto. The transmitter head includes a plurality of infrared transmitting elements arrayed in selected patterns to provide multidirectional transmission of infrared signals to a waiting receiver. The transmitter head and housing are provided with mating plug-in connectors permitting the transmitting head to be easily changed to provide selected transmitting arrays or patterns. The transmitter has its own power supply to be self-contained and portable.

Abstract: A biological electrode array connects electrical apparatuses to the skin surface of a living body. The array includes an insulating mount having a central area. A case is connected to the mount and has a cavity with conductive shielding extending thereabout. A plurality of shielding electrodes extend from the insulating mount and are spaced-apart about the central area. The shielding electrodes are electrically connected to the shielding of the case. A plurality of spaced-apart brush-tip electrodes extend from the central area of the mount. Signal buffers within the cavity of the case are electrically connected to the brush-tip electrodes. Conductors extend from the cavity, each conductor being electrically connected to one of the buffers. The brush-tip electrodes have thin, but resilient wires, typically of hard stainless steel or tungsten.