Abstract: An example particle accelerator includes the following: a resonant cavity in which particles are accelerated, where the resonant cavity has a background magnetic field having a first shape; and an extraction channel for receiving particles output from the resonant cavity. The extraction channel comprises a series of focusing regions to focus a beam of received particles. At least one of the focusing regions is a focusing element configured to alter a shape of the background magnetic field to a second shape that is substantially opposite to the first shape in the presence of a magnetic field gradient resulting from reduction of the background magnetic field from the resonant cavity to the extraction channel.

Abstract: An example particle accelerator includes the following: a voltage source to provide a radio frequency (RF) voltage to a cavity to accelerate particles from a plasma column, where the cavity has a magnetic field causing particles accelerated from the plasma column to move orbitally within the cavity; an extraction channel to receive the particles accelerated from the plasma column and to output the received particles from the cavity; and a regenerator to provide a magnetic field bump within the cavity to thereby change successive orbits of the particles accelerated from the plasma column so that, eventually, particles output to the extraction channel. The magnetic field is at least 6 Tesla and the magnetic field bump is at most 2 Tesla.

Abstract: A synchrocyclotron includes magnetic structures that define a resonant cavity, a source to provide particles to the resonant cavity, a voltage source to provide radio frequency (RF) voltage to the resonant cavity, a phase detector to detect a difference in phase between the RF voltage and a resonant frequency of the resonant cavity that changes over time, and a control circuit, responsive to the difference in phase, to control the voltage source so that a frequency of the RF voltage substantially matches the resonant frequency of the resonant cavity.

Abstract: A circuit breaker test device for testing a circuit breaker, and also for testing the branch circuit of which the circuit breaker is a part. The circuit breaker test device includes a switch that controllably short-circuits the branch circuit. A controller causes the switch to short circuit the branch circuit. A timer, responsive to operation of the controller, causes the switch to cease short-circuiting the branch circuit after a particular test time. An impedance value of the branch circuit is determined. The controller is enabled only if the impedance value is within predetermined limits. The timer is capable of establishing a variable test time.

Abstract: A circuit breaker tripper includes a first charging circuit for charging an RC shorting time control circuit. A relay is connected to a pair of probes that are connected to an active line which enables a charging of the RC shorting time control circuit. Activation of a switch causes a relay to apply a short circuit across the active line, thereby causing a tripping of the circuit breaker. At the same time, a discharge circuit is activated which causes the relay open the short circuit after a preset period. Since the circuit breaker tripper relies on enabling sufficient current flow through the circuit breaker to trip it, a test circuit is provided which enables operation of the tripper only if the branch circuit is within a safe operating range for the circuit breaker tripper.

Abstract: The present invention provides a vacuum gauge having two integrated circuits connected in a half bridge circuit to register subatmospheric gas pressure from a change in thermal gas conductivity. One of the integrated circuits serves to generate an electrical current proportional to the ambient temperature and a function of its power output conducted by the gas. The other of the integrated circuits acts as a reference to generate an electrical current proportional to ambient temperature. The half bridge circuit acts to subtract the currents so that subatmospheric pressure can be read on an ammeter as a function of gas thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A predetermined pressure ratio is maintained between a foreline and a load port of a vacuum diffusion pump including a bath of oil that is vaporized by a heater. A property of the pump is sensed to derive a signal indicative of the pressure ratio. The signal is compared with a set point value to derive an error signal that controls the amount of power continuously supplied by the heater to the oil bath. The sensed property can be the RMS power supplied by the heater, the heat supplied to the bath, or the density of vaporized fluid in the pump.

Abstract: A triode ionization gauge controller employing logarithmic amplifiers develops a signal proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of an ion current to the ionizing current. Gaseous thermal conductivity is employed to reduce emission current at high pressure, thereby prolonging the life of the cathode. Complete over-pressure protection is accomplished by comparing emission current with respect to a predetermined limiting current.

Abstract: A cold cathode ionization gauge controller utilizing a periodically varying potential across the gauge tube at higher pressure and substantially constant potential at low pressure provides a wide-range pressure measurement capability from about 10.sup.-.sup.1 to about 10.sup.-.sup.7 torr.