Abstract: A backscatter x-ray system has an x-ray device, a movable platform, and a processor. The x-ray device includes an x-ray emitter and an x-ray detector. The movable platform positions the x-ray device relative to a frontside of a structure. The processor is communicatively couplable to the x-ray device. The x-ray emitter emits x-rays that penetrate the structure from the frontside. The x-ray detector detects a backscatter of the x-rays reflected from the structure. The processor generates x-ray images of the structure based on the backscatter, and analyzes the x-ray images in a manner facilitating at least one of manufacturing and inspection of the structure.

Abstract: A continuity testing system includes a continuity tester mountable to a movable platform capable of positioning the continuity tester relative to a structure. The continuity tester is configured to determine the existence of an uninterrupted electrical path between the structure and a fastener installed in the structure.

Abstract: An end effector has an end effector frame configured to be mounted to a movable platform capable of positioning the end effector relative to a structure. In addition, the end effector has a plurality of process tools mounted to the end effector frame and having different functional capabilities associated with hole formation and fastener installation in the structure. Furthermore, the end effector has a continuity tester configured to determine the existence of an uninterrupted electrical path between a fastener and the structure after installation of the fastener.

Abstract: An end effector has an end effector frame configured to be mounted to a movable platform capable of positioning the end effector relative to a structure. In addition, the end effector has a plurality of process tools mounted to the end effector frame and having different functional capabilities associated with hole formation and fastener installation in the structure. Furthermore, the end effector has a continuity tester configured to determine the existence of an uninterrupted electrical path between a fastener and the structure after installation of the fastener.