Abstract: This invention provides concentrated inflammation modifiers obtained from various plant, animal, and mineral sources, and methods for the preparation of such concentrated inflammation modifiers. Also provided are methods of preventing and treating inflammation using the concentrated inflammation modifiers. The invention also provides methods of treating inflammation of the skin and mucosal membranes by administering compositions that contain concentrated inflammation modifiers as active ingredients. The methods are useful for treating inflammatory diseases, as well as for reducing or eliminating inflammation that results from transdermal delivery of a drug, or from cosmetics and skin care products. The concentrated inflammation modifiers and methods are also useful for enhancing wound healing and skin aging.

Abstract: Compounds and compositions containing alkylphosphonothioates, for insecticidal control, particularly for use as soil and/or foliar insecticides, having the formula. ##STR1## in which R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl;R.sub.1 is C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 branched alkyl;R.sub.2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, cyano or C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkynyl; ##STR2## R.sub.4 is halo, C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 thioalkyl or mono-or di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 alkylamino;n is 1-3; andX is O or S.

Abstract: Compounds and compositions containing them, for insecticidal control, particularly for use as soil and/or foliar insecticides, have the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is methyl or ethyl;R.sub.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl; andR.sub.3 is C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 cycloakyl.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula ##STR1## in which R is methyl or ethyl, Y is sulfur or oxygen, and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or different tertiary alkyl groups each having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, are insecticides and nematicides, especially for control of soil insects and nematodes.Symmetrical compounds (R.sub.1 .dbd.R.sub.2) may be prepared by reaction of an alkali metal mercaptide with an alkyl (thio) phosphonic dihalide. The alkali metal mercaptide may be prepared by reaction of a tertiary alkyl mercaptan with an alkali metal or alkali metal hydride.

Abstract: Compounds and compositions containing them, for insecticidal control, particularly for use as soil and/or foliar insecticides, have the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is methyl or ethyl;R.sub.2 is secondary butyl or tertiary butyl;R.sub.3 is hydrogen or methyl;R.sub.4 is hydrogen, methyl or fluoro; andR.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are either both hydrogen or both fluoro.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is methyl or ethyl; R.sub.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or methyl; and R.sub.4 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl; R.sub.3 and R.sub.5 taken together form a trimethylene chain, are insecticides.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is methyl or ethyl; R.sub.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl; R.sub.3 is halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, thio-(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl) or phenoxy, and n is 0, 1 or 2; provided that if R.sub.2 is methyl, then R.sub.1 is methyl, are insecticides.

Abstract: Compounds and compositions containing them, for insecticidal control, particularly for use as soil and/or foliar insecticides, have the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl;R.sub.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, or C.sub.5 -C.sub.6 cycloalkyl;R.sub.3 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl;R.sub.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl, halogen, or halo-(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl);R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl, or C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 carboalkoxy; orR.sub.3 and R.sub.5 taken together form a trimethylene group; provided that if R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are all hydrogen, R.sub.4 is other than hydrogen.

Abstract: Insecticides have the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 methyl or ethyl and R.sub.2 is C.sub.3 -C.sub.5 alkyl.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is methyl or ethyl; R.sub.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl; R.sub.3 is hydrogen, halogen or methyl; and R.sub.4 is hydrogen, methyl or phenyl; or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 taken together form a tetramethylene chain; provided that R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are not both hydrogen, are insecticides and/or nematicides.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is methyl or ethyl; R.sub.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl; and R.sub.3 is phenyl or substituted phenyl, are insecticides.

Abstract: Herbicidally active thiocarbamates are employed in combination with certain mono-, di- or trihaloalkylphosphonodithioates, the latter in sufficient quantity to lessen the rate of soil degradation of the former. As a result, the herbicidal effectiveness of the thiocarbamate is significantly enhanced and prolonged, rendering a single application or multiple applications of the herbicide effective over a longer period of time. Such herbicidal compositions can optionally contain a non-phytotoxic antidotally effective amount of an amide of haloalkanoic or dihaloalkanoic acid. Also novel compounds trichloro- and bromodichloro- methylphosphonodithioates and the process for their preparation are disclosed.

Abstract: Compounds and compositions containing them, for insecticidal control having the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 taken together form a ring having the formula ##STR2## in which m and n are each integers from 1 to 3 and X is oxygen or --CH.sub.2 --, together with insecticidal compositions containing such compounds, and methods for controlling insects.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl; R.sub.2 is C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkyl; R.sub.3 is hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, phenoxy, cyano, nitro or C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 carboalkoxy; n is an integer from 1 to 5; --A-- is ##STR2## R.sub.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or --CH.sub.2 Y; m is 0 or 1; and Y is halo, are insecticides.

Abstract: Compounds and compositions containing them, for insecticidal control having the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 taken together form a ring having the formula ##STR2## in which m and n are each integers from 1 to 3 and X is oxygen or --CH.sub.2 --, together with insecticidal compositions containing such compounds, and methods for controlling insects.

Abstract: Compounds for insecticidal control, having the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is methyl or ethyl; R.sub.2 is a straight or branched chain alkyl group having from 3 to 5 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is hydrogen, methyl or carbomethoxy; and R.sub.4 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, together with insecticidal compositions containing such compounds, and methods for controlling insects.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for preparing chiral nicotine and nicotine analogues of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are hydrogen or alkyl and R.sub.4 is alkyl. Also disclosed are novel intermediate compounds and a novel method for preparing 1-methylprolinol from prolinol, which compounds and method are useful for the preparation of these nicotinoids.