Abstract: A low capacitance measurement probe having an outer conductor forming an outer wall; a non-conductive spacer forming a first wall between a conductive layer and the outer conductor; the conductive layer forming a second wall coupled to the interior of the first wall; an insulating layer forming a third wall coupled to the interior of the second wall; and an inner conductor forming an inner wall coupled to the interior of the third wall. The probe may include a knob or a button in the inner conductor at a tip of the probe to increase the surface area of the inner conductor in order to the sensitivity of the probe.

Abstract: A low capacitance measurement probe is disclosed. The low capacitance measurement probe comprises an outer conductor forming an outer wall having an exterior and an interior; a non-conductive spacer forming a first wall having an exterior and an interior with the non-conductive spacer being coupled to the interior of the outer conductor; a conductive layer forming a second wall having an exterior and an interior, the conductive layer coupled to the interior of the first wall; an insulating layer forming a third wall having an exterior and an interior, the insulating layer coupled to the interior of the second wall; and an inner conductor forming an inner wall having an exterior and an interior, the inner conductor coupled to the interior of the third wall. A low capacitance measurement probe system and a method of using a low capacitance measurement probe are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system for characterizing tissue includes the steps of generating an emission signal, generating a reference signal, directing the emission signal to and from the tissue, directing the reference signal in a predetermined manner relative to the emission signal, and using the reference signal to compensate the emission signal. In one embodiment compensation is provided for fluctuations in light delivery to the tip of the probe due to cable motion.

Abstract: An optical probe for tissue identification includes an elongated body. Optical fibers are located within the elongated body for transmitting light to and from the tissue. Light fluctuation protection is associated with the optical fibers. In one embodiment the light fluctuation protection includes a reflective coating on the optical fibers to reduce stray light. In another embodiment the light fluctuation protection includes a filler with very high absorption located within the elongated body between the optical fibers.

Abstract: An optical probe for tissue identification includes an elongated body. Optical fibers are located within the elongated body for transmitting light to and from the tissue. Light fluctuation protection is associated with the optical fibers. In one embodiment the light fluctuation protection includes a reflective coating on the optical fibers to reduce stray light. In another embodiment the light fluctuation protection includes a filler with very high absorption located within the elongated body between the optical fibers.

Abstract: A system for characterizing tissue includes the steps of generating an emission signal, generating a reference signal, directing the emission signal to and from the tissue, directing the reference signal in a predetermined manner relative to the emission signal, and using the reference signal to compensate the emission signal. In one embodiment compensation is provided for fluctuations in light delivery to the tip of the probe due to cable motion.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process to test the association of an allele and a disease, especially a non-Mendelian disease. The process involves a comparison of the proportion of test individuals who have the disease and carry the allele from a set of families in which the allele is present and the proportion of test individuals expected to carry the allele if there is no association between the gene and the disease.