Abstract: Disclosed are support-activators and catalyst compositions comprising the support-activators for polymerizing olefins in which the support-activator includes clay heteroadduct, prepare from a colloidal phyllosilicate such as a colloidal smectite clay, which is chemically-modified with a heterocoagulation agent. By limiting the amount of heterocoagulation reagent relative to the colloidal smectite clay as described herein, the smectite heteroadduct support-activator is a porous and amorphous solid which can be readily isolated from the resulting slurry by a conventional filtration process, and which can activate metallocenes and related catalysts toward olefin polymerization. Related compositions and processes are disclosed.

Abstract: An x-ray window comprising a polymer and carbon nanotubes and/or graphene. The carbon nanotubes and/or graphene can be embedded in the polymer. Multiple layers of polymer, carbon nanotubes, and/or graphene may be used. The polymer with carbon nanotubes and/or graphene can be used as an x-ray window support structure and/or thin film.

Abstract: A support structure for x-ray windows including carbon composite ribs, comprising carbon fibers in a matrix. The support structure can comprise a support frame defining a perimeter and an aperture, a plurality of ribs comprising a carbon composite material extending across the aperture of the support frame and carried by the support frame, and openings between the plurality of ribs. A film can be disposed over, carried by, and span the plurality of ribs and disposed over and span the openings.

Abstract: An x-ray tube comprising an anode and a cathode disposed at opposing ends of an electrically insulative cylinder. The x-ray tube includes an operating range of 15 kilovolts to 40 kilovolts between the cathode and the anode. The x-ray tube has an overall diameter, defined as a largest diameter of the x-ray tube anode, cathode, and insulative cylinder, of less than 0.6 inches. A direct line of sight exists between all points on an electron emitter at the cathode to a target at the anode.

Abstract: An x-ray tube comprising an anode and a cathode disposed at opposing ends of an electrically insulative cylinder. The x-ray tube includes an operating range of 15 kilovolts to 40 kilovolts between the cathode and the anode. The x-ray tube has an overall diameter, defined as a largest diameter of the x-ray tube anode, cathode, and insulative cylinder, of less than 0.6 inches. A direct line of sight exists between all points on an electron emitter at the cathode to a target at the anode.

Abstract: A support structure for x-ray windows including carbon composite ribs, comprising carbon fibers in a matrix. The support structure can comprise a support frame defining a perimeter and an aperture, a plurality of ribs comprising a carbon composite material extending across the aperture of the support frame and carried by the support frame, and openings between the plurality of ribs. A film can be disposed over, carried by, and span the plurality of ribs and disposed over and span the openings.

Abstract: An x-ray window comprising a polymer and carbon nanotubes and/or graphene. The carbon nanotubes and/or graphene can be embedded in the polymer. Multiple layers of polymer, carbon nanotubes, and/or graphene may be used. The polymer with carbon nanotubes and/or graphene can be used as an x-ray window support structure and/or thin film.

Abstract: A cathode header optic for an x-ray tube includes an elongate trench with opposite trench walls. A cup recess is formed in the trench between the opposite trench walls, and has a bounded perimeter. A cathode element is disposed in the trench at the cup recess. The cathode element is capable of heating and releasing electrons. A secondary cathode optic defining a cathode ring can be disposed about the header optic. The cathode optics can form part of an x-ray tube.

Abstract: A cathode header optic for an x-ray tube includes an elongate trench with opposite trench walls. A cup recess is formed in the trench between the opposite trench walls, and has a bounded perimeter. A cathode element is disposed in the trench at the cup recess. The cathode element is capable of heating and releasing electrons. A secondary cathode optic defining a cathode ring can be disposed about the header optic. The cathode optics can form part of an x-ray tube.

Abstract: An X-ray source includes a magnetic appliance to provide electron beam focusing. The magnetic appliance can provide variably focused and non-focused configurations. The magnetic appliance can include one or more electromagnets and/or permanent magnets. An electric potential difference is applied to an anode and a cathode that are disposed on opposite sides of an evacuated tube. The cathode includes a cathode element to produce electrons that are accelerated towards the anode in response to the electric field between the anode and the cathode. The anode includes a target material to produce x-rays in response to impact of electrons.

Abstract: An x-ray source has an evacuated tube. An anode is disposed in the tube and includes a material configured to produce x-rays in response to impact of electrons. A cathode is disposed in the tube opposing the anode configured to produce electrons accelerated towards the anode in response to an electric field between the anode and the cathode. A flange extends from the cathode toward the anode, and has a smaller diameter than the evacuated tube. The flange extends closer to the anode than an interface between the cathode and the tube thus forming a reduced-field region between the evacuated tube and the flange.

Abstract: An improved formable coil for an AC sensor having a predetermined length and a predetermined number of turns. The coil is wound in multiple passes in opposite directions, with a predetermined number of passes in each direction to fill in any gaps and provide a stable helical-wound coil. A preferred embodiment is wound on a collapsible mandrel to facilitate free removal of the coil from the mandrel.

Abstract: A multimeter having an elongated housing with a fixed recess for receiving a current-carrying conductor is provided. The multimeter is adapted to measure various parameters including a.c. and d.c. voltage, resistance, and a.c. current. On one end of the elongated housing of the multimeter is a C-shaped current sensor mounted around the fixed recess for measuring a.c. current in the current-carrying conductor and on the other end is a pair of test leads for measuring resistance, a.c. voltage, and d.c. voltage. The current sensor and the test leads provide input signals to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to obtain digital samples which are displayed as measurement results according to the selected measurement mode.