Abstract: The present invention provides methods for boosting mucosal immunity in the female reproductive tract of pre- and post-menopausal women using a TGF-beta inhibitor, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, and/or a recombinant commensal bacterium that expresses endogenous microbicides into the intestinal tract or reproductive tract of a subject. It also provides methods for boosting innate and adaptive immunity by providing a glucocorticoid. Methods for preventing sexually transmitted infections including HIV infection are also provided.