Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus provide an accurate time constant for electroporation. A model voltage function is created (analog, digital, or combination) to provide a model voltage having the desired time constant. A voltage is applied to the sample. A comparing circuit compares the output voltage, which may be attenuated, to the model voltage and provides an output control signal. This output signal is used to modify a resistance in parallel with the sample, thereby altering the output voltage to approximate the model voltage, which has the desired time constant. In one aspect, the control signal may be used to turn on and off a transistor that is in series with a resistor in order to modify the parallel resistance.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus provide an accurate time constant for electroporation. A model voltage function is created (analog, digital, or combination) to provide a model voltage having the desired time constant. A voltage is applied to the sample. A comparing circuit compares the output voltage, which may be attenuated, to the model voltage and provides an output control signal. This output signal is used to modify a resistance in parallel with the sample, thereby altering the output voltage to approximate the model voltage, which has the desired time constant. In one aspect, the control signal may be used to turn on and off a transistor that is in series with a resistor in order to modify the parallel resistance.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatus, and circuits for controlling an electrical signal transmitted to a sample load are provided. The electrical signal produced by a capacitor is controlled via a control signal sent to a variable resistance device that is connected in parallel with the sample load. The variable resistance device includes a resistance and a switch in series. The control signal opens and closes the switch, thus providing a variable resistance based on the amount of time the switch is closed.

Abstract: An electroporator for high-throughput electroporation is constructed with a well plate in which each well has internal electrodes that extend beyond the opening of the well to form contact areas, either as horizontal platforms extending laterally from the well rims or as extended heights of thin electrode plates. The electroporator also includes a lid that contains circuitry and electrical contacts that mate with the exposed contact areas in the well plate. The interchangeability of lids allows the wells to be shocked according to different protocols.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus provide flexible and efficient high throughput electroporation systems. An electrical pulse may be transmitted to any number of channels of a multi-channel sample plate. Drivers can provide the selection of which channels to transmit the electrical pulse. To provide efficient transitions between electrical pulses, discharge circuits provide efficient means achieve a desired voltage.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure include an optical probe capable of communicating identification information to a patient monitor in addition to signals indicative of intensities of light after attenuation by body tissue. The identification information may indicate operating wavelengths of light sources, indicate a type of probe, such as, for example, that the probe is an adult probe, a pediatric probe, a neonatal probe, a disposable probe, a reusable probe, or the like. The information could also be utilized for security purposes, such as, for example, to ensure that the probe is configured properly for the oximeter, to indicate that the probe is from an authorized supplier, or the like. In one preferred embodiment, coding resistors could be provided across the light sources to allow additional information about the probe to be coded without added leads. However, any device could be used without it being used in parallel.

Abstract: A method is provided for measuring a response to a stimulus of a plurality of samples spots of a sample using a measuring system having a measurement range to generate an image of the sample in digital space. The method includes, for each sample, while measuring the response, varying the stimulus to include at least one stimulus value where the measured response corresponds to a value in an intermediate portion of the measuring range, and storing a value of the measured response that corresponds to a value in the intermediate portion of the measurement range, and the stimulus value that produced that value of the measured response.

Abstract: A method is provided for measuring a response to a stimulus of a plurality of samples spots of a sample using a measuring system having a measurement range to generate an image of the sample in digital space. The method includes, for each sample, while measuring the response, varying the stimulus to include at least one stimulus value where the measured response corresponds to a value in an intermediate portion of the measuring range, and storing a value of the measured response that corresponds to a value in the intermediate portion of the measurement range, and the stimulus value that produced that value of the measured response.

Abstract: Systems, methods and algorithms for automatically performing optimization of an electroporation system. A system according to the present invention typically includes a cuvette holding assembly configured to hold a plurality of electroporation cuvettes, wherein each cuvette includes a first and second electrode, and a shocking chamber configured to hold the cuvette holding assembly, the chamber having a commutator assembly configured to provide an electrical contact to the first electrode of each of the plurality of cuvettes in turn. The system also typically includes a control system communicably coupled to the shocking chamber, wherein the control system controls the commutator to automatically contact the first electrode of each cuvette in an order and to provide a potential across the cuvette electrodes when contact is made.

Abstract: Individual temperature control in multiple reactions performed simultaneously in a spatial array such as a multi-well plate is achieved by thermoelectric modules with individual control, with each module supplying heat to or drawing heat from a single region within the array, the region containing either a single reaction vessel or a group of reaction vessels.