Abstract: A fluidized stream of coal particles is introduced into the bottom of a vertical reaction zone in a fluidized bed process at a velocity of greater than about 200 ft/sec in a vertically upwards direction, wherein agglomeration of the fluidized bed is prevented. A separate liquid hydrocarbon stream is simultaneously introduced as a separate injection stream in a vertically upwards direction, said coal particles and said liquid hydrocarbons being rapidly and uniformly dispersed within the fluidized bed and reacted therein with a suitable reagent.

Abstract: Fresh carbonaceous particles are introduced into a fluid-bed reaction zone containing a bed of non-agglomerating particles at an injection velocity in excess of about 200 ft/sec with the fresh particles having been preheated to a temperature within the plastic transformation range of the particles and introduced rapidly and directly into said bed of non-agglomerating particles. The reaction zone may be a hydrocarbonization zone, a carbonization zone, a gasification zone or any other fluid-bed reaction zone in which defluidization may be caused by undue agglomeration of the feed particles. A fluidized stream of the preheated carbonaceous particles may be introduced at said high injection velocity in a vertically upwards direction or otherwise, as from one or more injection points positioned vertically along the side of the reaction zone.

Abstract: A liquid product containing a high percentage of phenolic compounds is obtained from coal by the hydrocarbonization of coal in a fluidizing bed in the presence of hydrogen. The hydrocarbonization is conducted at a temperature of 480.degree.-600.degree. C. and a hydrogen partial pressure of from about 100 to about 1,200 psi and an average solids residence time of 1 to about 30 minutes. Oxidation of the coal even by atmospheric air must be substantially avoided to maximize phenolic production. Oxidizing coal reduces the tar and the phenolic yield by as much as 50 percent in some instances. Subbituminous, especially non-agglomerating varieties are especially preferred coals.

Abstract: A process for cracking thermoplastic polymers to valuable products, primarily their monomers, comprising the following steps:A. converting the polymer into a liquid or fluidized stage;B. introducing the polymer from step (a) in droplet or particulate form into a reaction zone and admixing said polymer with a hot inert gas or mixture of hot inert gases in the reaction zoneWherein the weight ratio of gas to polymer is about 1 to about 8 parts of gas per part of polymer; the temperature of the gas is such as to heat the polymer to a temperature in the range of about 800.degree.C. to about 1050.degree.C.; and the residence time in the reaction zone is about 10 to about 100 milliseconds; andC. quenching the recovering product.

Abstract: A process for cracking hydrocarbon feedstocks comprising introducing a mixture of feedstock and hot gas into a reactor in which cracking temperatures are maintained, said reactor comprising;A. a hollow cylindrical tube having (i) a first end closure and a second end closure, at least one of said end closures being provided with an orifice disposed substantially centrally therein; and (ii) at least one hollow inlet feed chamber open at both ends passing through the cylindrical surface described by tube (A), one end of such feed chamber being disposed in the interior of tube (A) at about its periphery in such a manner that vapor, which is passed through said chamber, will flow substantially tangentially to the inner surface described by cylindrical tube (A), provided that the rate of flow is sufficient therefor, creating a vortex-like flow within tube (A); andB. at least one hollow tube open at both ends;Wherein:A.