Abstract: A laparoscopic guidance system is described as attached to an ultrasound transducer or embedded therein for use in surgical procedures for guidance of biopsy and or therapeutic applications whereas a needle is desired to be precisely guided and placed during the procedure. In exemplary embodiments, the guidance system uses both mechanical, electronic laser and imaging systems to combine and project a virtual needle path on an ultrasound image. In exemplary embodiments, the system also provides a projected line for positioning a needle externally or percutaneously to the lesion. The needle may then be inserted and followed in real time to the desired target. The needle and ultrasound probe may be placed and kept in the plane of the image by laser guidance.

Abstract: A system for conducting flow measurements in grafts is provided, comprising a graft that further includes a monitor placed within or on the graft, wherein the monitor measures flow. In exemplary embodiments, the monitor is an embedded monitor that is placed within or on a vascular bypass graft that is commonly used for arterial and venous bypass or for hemo-dialysis access, ultrafiltration, or phoresis. The exemplary monitoring system may measure flow by electrical impedance, electronic and/or magnetic flux. An external monitor may also be intermittently applied. Alternately, a continuous reporting can be performed by telepathic signals from the graft transmitter.