Abstract: A controller may obtain data indicative of heat release in a cylinder of an engine. The controller may determine that the data indicative of the heat release in the cylinder is indicative of clogging of one or more ducts of a duct structure of the engine. The controller may perform an operation to reduce the clogging of the one or more ducts based on the data indicative of the heat release in the cylinder being indicative of the clogging of the one or more ducts. The operation may include at least one of causing a pressure of fuel that is supplied to a fuel injector to increase or causing a peak temperature in the cylinder to increase.

Abstract: Operating a direct-injection compression-ignition engine includes injecting early pilot shots of fuel, and controlling a cylinder temperature timing to combust the early pilot shots according to a combustion phasing that is based on the cylinder temperature timing. A main charge of the fuel is combusted based on the combustion of the early pilot shots. A combustion control unit is structured to command actuation of a fuel injector and a cylinder temperature controller to phase combustion of early pilot shots of the fuel, prior to a TDC position of a piston in an engine cycle. The cylinder temperature controller is a variable valve actuator or other apparatus controlling cylinder temperature in a manner decoupled from piston position.

Abstract: A method to ignite a fuel in an engine of an engine system is disclosed. The method includes introducing a mixture of air and a compound into a main combustion chamber of the engine. The compound includes a peroxide group. Next, the method includes controlling, by a controller, one or more parameters of the engine system to attain a temperature in the main combustion chamber within a temperature range. The compound decomposes into a radical within the temperature range. The method further includes injecting, by an injector, the fuel into the main combustion chamber upon the decomposition of the compound into the radical, causing an interaction of the fuel with the radical, thereby igniting the fuel.

Abstract: A method to ignite a gaseous fuel in an engine of an engine system is disclosed. The method includes introducing a compound having a peroxide group into a main combustion chamber of the engine for igniting the gaseous fuel. Further, the method includes controlling, by a controller, one or more parameters of the engine system to attain a temperature in the main combustion chamber within a temperature range. The compound decomposes into a radical, thus facilitating ignition of the gaseous fuel.

Abstract: An internal combustion cylinder assembly includes a cylinder having a cylinder head at an end thereof, a combustion chamber disposed in the cylinder head, a piston disposed slidably within the cylinder, the piston having a bottom dead center position distal from the combustion chamber and a top dead center position proximate to the combustion chamber, a pilot quantity of fuel disposed substantially dispersably within the cylinder, a working fluid disposed compressably within the cylinder, the piston compressing the working fluid and the pilot quantity of fuel as it slides from the bottom dead center position to the top dead center position, and wherein the pilot quantity of fuel is substantially a maximum quantity that will not support auto-ignition when the working fluid and the pilot quantity of fuel have been compressed.

Abstract: An internal combustion cylinder assembly includes a cylinder having a cylinder head at an end thereof, a combustion chamber disposed in the cylinder head, a piston disposed slidably within the cylinder, the piston having a bottom dead center position distal from the combustion chamber and a top dead center position proximate to the combustion chamber, a pilot quantity of fuel disposed substantially dispersably within the cylinder, a working fluid disposed compressably within the cylinder, the piston compressing the working fluid and the pilot quantity of fuel as it slides from the bottom dead center position to the top dead center position, and wherein the pilot quantity of fuel is substantially a maximum quantity that will not support auto-ignition when the working fluid and the pilot quantity of fuel have been compressed.

Abstract: A method of representing a tree database in a display menu. First, a tree database with a database name is provided. The provided tree database possess first level data nodes. The first level data nodes have a null set or second level data nodes. The first and the second data node have data node names. Next, one of the first level data nodes is selected as a working data node. The node name thereof is then titled the working menu. The second level data nodes possessed by the working data node are listed in the working menu. The non-selected first level data nodes are listed as a switching menu. Finally, the working menu, the switching menu, and the database name are combined into a display menu.

Abstract: This invention describes a method for storing and searching sets of e-mail data by classification so as to effectively organize mass quantities of e-mail data and to improve the searching and reading efficiency of e-mail reading programs. This method produces an electronic book from such data as well as produces chapter directories of different categories accordingly so that the user can read the content of his e-mail as if he's reading a book. The method of this invention involves first retrieving the e-mail of a specified period from an e-mail server or an e-mail file and then classifying the e-mail into different categories according to the attributes or contents thereof so as to enable the categories to be converted into the chapter directories of the electronic book and mapped to the actual content of the e-mail.

Abstract: An apparatus for projecting computer generated stereoscopic images, comprising: a computer, a dual-port video signal output device, two image projection devices, an image projection software and a stereoscopic image file, wherein the stereoscopic image file is processed and outputted to the two image projection devices through the cooperating operation of the computer, the dual-port video signal output device and the image projection software, so that a stereo image can be projected.

Abstract: A turbo-charged internal combustion cylinder assembly includes a combustion chamber which may be communicably connected to a compressor via an intake port through an intake manifold and aftercooler so the compressor may provide pre-combustion gases to the combustion chamber when the intake valve is open. An exhaust port communicably connects the combustion chamber to an exhaust manifold. An exhaust valve may open to exhaust post-combustion gases to the exhaust manifold while an intake valve is substantially closed, and the exhaust valve may open to admit post-combustion gases to the combustion chamber while the intake valve is substantially open and an exhaust port pressure in the exhaust port is higher than a combustion chamber pressure in the combustion chamber. A fuel injector may admit fuel to the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A method of representing a tree database in a display menu. First, a tree database with a database name is provided. The provided tree database possess first level data nodes. The first level data nodes have a null set or second level data nodes. The first and the second data node have data node names. Next, one of the first level data nodes is selected as a working data node. The node name thereof is then titled the working menu. The second level data nodes possessed by the working data node are listed in the working menu. The non-selected first level data nodes are listed as a switching menu. Finally, the working menu, the switching menu, and the database name are combined into a display menu.

Abstract: A turbo-charged internal combustion cylinder assembly includes a combustion chamber, an intake port communicably connected with an intake manifold, and an exhaust port communicably connected with an exhaust manifold. An intake valve is disposed within the intake port, and an exhaust valve is disposed within the exhaust port, the valves facilitating, in an open position, or restricting, in a closed position, gas flow between their respective ports and the combustion chamber. A compressor may be communicably connected to the intake manifold so as to provide pre-combustion gases to, and regulate pressure of the combustion chamber. The exhaust valve may open while the intake valve is closed to exhaust post-combustion gases from the combustion chamber. Alternatively, the exhaust valve may open while the intake valve is open to admit post-combustion gases into the combustion chamber if the combustion chamber pressure is lower than the exhaust port pressure.

Abstract: A turbo-charged internal combustion cylinder assembly includes a combustion chamber which may be communicably connected to a compressor via an intake port through an intake manifold and aftercooler so the compressor may provide pre-combustion gases to the combustion chamber when the intake valve is open. An exhaust port communicably connects the combustion chamber to an exhaust manifold. An exhaust valve may open to exhaust post-combustion gases to the exhaust manifold while an intake valve is substantially closed, and the exhaust valve may open to admit post-combustion gases to the combustion chamber while the intake valve is substantially open and an exhaust port pressure in the exhaust port is higher than a combustion chamber pressure in the combustion chamber. A fuel injector may admit fuel to the combustion chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and compositions for copying a target nucleic acid using a self-priming primer. Single and different target nucleic acids can be copied using the disclosed methods and compositions.

Abstract: A structure of padlock is provided. The padlock comprises a hollow cylinder body, a U-shaped shackle arms and a locking mechanism which is composed of a pair of sliding members symmetrically arranged in the cylinder body and movably connected to a disk member via a pair of lever members and urged outwardly by a pair of compression springs. The sliding members normally position at a pair of locking holes for facilitating an automatic locking up the shackle arms into the cylinder body, and the shackle arms are unlocked by rotating the disk member clockwise with a key so as to actuate the sliding members moving centralizedly. The symmetrical arrangement of the components in the locking mechanism provides the stability as well as the durability of a padlock.