Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof is oxidatively dehydrogenated in the vapor phase producing the corresponding olefinically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of the calcined oxides of iron, phosphorous, silicon, vandanium and molybdenum.

Abstract: A process for the oxidation of n-butane, n-butenes, 1,3-butadiene and mixtures thereof to maleic anhydride in the vapor phase over a catalyst having the empirical formula Cu.sub.a P.sub.b Mn.sub.c Mo.sub.d O.sub.x wherein a is 0.001 to 1.0, b is 0.01 to 2.0, c is 0.001 to 2.0, d is 1.0 to 20.0, and x is a number which satisfies the unshared valences of the other elements in the formula is described.

Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof is oxidatively dehydrogenated in the vapor phase producing the corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of the calcined phosphates of iron and cerium.

Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof is oxidatively dehydrogenated in the vapor phase producing the corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of the calcined phosphates of iron, silver and chromium.

Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof is oxidatively dehydrogenated in the vapor phase producing the corresponding alpha, beta-olefinically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of the calcined phosphomolybdate of potassium and cerium.

Abstract: A stabilized heteropoly molybdate catalyst precursor in calcined form and containing anionic molybdenum in defect state is surface impregnated with certain metal cations. The stabilized precursor is one obtained by incorporating into the reaction product of a molybdate and a soluble phosphate, silicate or arsenate, an aqueous chloride ion and a compound of phosphotungstate, silicotungstate, vanadium arsenate, silico-arsenate, phosphovanadate, or silicovanadate, followed by drying and calcining. During the chloride ion stabilization step other metals may be optionally incorporated in forming the stabilized precursor.The obtained precursor is catalytically active in the conversion of the unsaturated aldehydes to the corresponding unsaturated carboxylic acids with or without incorporation of the metal cation during the chloride ion stabilization step.

Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof is oxidatively dehydrogenated in the vapor phase to produce the corresponding .alpha.,B-olefinically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of the calcined phosphates of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten.

Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof is oxidatively dehydrogenated in the vapor phase producing the corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of the calcined phosphates of iron and copper.

Abstract: Benzaldehyde is prepared by the oxidation of toluene in the presence of a catalyst composed of the oxides of copper, iron, uranium, lead, tellurium, molybdenum, and phosphorous which can also include some other promoter elements.

Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a functional equivalent; e.g., a lower alkyl ester is oxidatively dehydrogenated to effect the vapor phase conversion thereof to the corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of calcined phosphates of iron containing cobalt or lanthanum as a modifier or dopant component.

Abstract: A support for a phosphate-containing catalyst comprising a combination of an inert material such as silica and phosphoric acid. The support is formed by mixing the inert support and the phosphoric acid together to form a slurry, evaporating the liquid off and calcining the resulting mass. This support is used in combination with phosphate-containing catalysts to overcome the deactivation of these catalysts caused by the leaching of phosphate ions from the catalyst. This catalyst support has found particular utility in combination with an iron/phosphorus oxidation catalyst and even more particularly, in use with an iron phosphorous catalyst used in the oxydehydrogenation of isobutyric acid to form methacrylic acid.

Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a lower alkyl ester thereof is oxidatively dehydrogenated in the vapor phase producing the corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-olefinically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of the calcined phosphates of iron, silver and niobium.

Abstract: Methyl methacrylate or other .alpha.-.beta. unsaturated esters are prepared by contacting an oxydehydrogenation-esterification catalyst with a feed mixture of a saturated acid (e.g., isobutyric acid), an alkyl alcohol (e.g., methanol), oxygen, with or with H.sub.2 O, preferably with H.sub.2 O for a time sufficient to form an alkyl .alpha.-.beta. unsaturated ester as described herein.

Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a functional equivalent, e.g., a lower alkyl ester is oxidatively dehydrogenated to effect the vapor phase conversion thereof to the corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of calcined phosphates of iron containing tellurium as a modifier or dopant component.

Abstract: Isobutyric acid or a functional equivalent, e.g., a lower alkyl ester is oxidatively dehydrogenated to effect the vapor phase conversion thereof to the corresponding .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated derivative by contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. The catalyst is composed of calcined phosphates of iron containing silver as a modifier or dopant component.

Abstract: A stabilized heteropoly molybdate catalyst precursor in calcined form and containing anionic molybdenum in defect state is surface impregnated with certain metal cations. The stabilized precursor is one obtained by incorporating into the reaction product of a molybdate and a soluble phosphate, silicate or arsenate, an aqueous chloride ion and a compound of phosphotungstate, silicotungstate, vanadium arsenate, silico-arsenate, phosphovanadate, or silicovanadate, followed by drying and calcining. During the chloride ion stabilization step other metals may be optionally incorporated in forming the stabilized precursor.The obtained precursor is catalytically active in the conversion of the unsaturated aldehydes to the corresponding unsaturated carboxylic acids with or without incorporation of the metal cation during the chloride ion stabilization step.

Abstract: A method of preparing an oxidation catalyst which comprises combining in an aqueous solution, an acid or salt of molybdenum with a water-soluble acid or non-metallic salt of silicon, phosphorus or arsenic, which is capable of forming a polyhedra of molybdenum. An aqueous chloride ion and a compound of phosphotungstate, silicotungstate, vanadium arsenate, silicoarsenate, phosphovanadate, silicovanadate or corresponding acids thereof or mixtures thereof are then added to the mixture. The resulting combination is dried and calcined to yield the finished catalyst.The oxidation catalyst has the following empirical formulua:Y.sub.w Mo.sub.x A.sub.y O.sub.zwhere Y is phosphorus, arsenic, silicon or mixtures thereof,A is tungsten, vanadium, arsenic, when Y is not arsenic, or mixtures thereof,w ranges from 0.5 to 1.5,x ranges from 10 to 15,y ranges from 0.1 to 2.0, andz ranges from 1 to 42, and is an integer necessary to satisfy the valency requirements of the formula.