Abstract: A cloud operation resource dynamic allocation system and method are provided. The cloud operation resource dynamic allocation system includes multiple transcoders and a transcoding proxy. Each transcoder is selectively in an active state or an inactive state. The transcoding proxy couples to at least one transcoder which is in the active state. The transcoding proxy receives a streaming data, and determines at least one estimated transcoding time according to at least one multimedia feature of the streaming data. And the transcoding proxy determines a target transcoder which can transcode the streaming data at the earliest such that to appoint the target transcoder for transcoding the streaming data.

Abstract: A layer-2 multicast-based packet forwarding method for PUN includes the following steps of A) disposing a downlink L2-header modifier between a router and a switch hub or a hub and disposing an uplink L2-header modifier in an ONU; B) filtering and fetching a to-be-sniffed packet by means of the uplink L2-header modifier or the downlink. L2-header modifier, the to-be-sniffed packet haying an MAC address; C) modifying the destination MAC address of the to-be-sniffed packet to a specific layer-2 multicast address by means of the uplink or downlink L2-header modifier; and D) either transmitting the to-be-sniffed packet haying a specific layer-2 multicast address to the router or a protocol analyzer by means of the uplink or downlink. L2-header modifier or transmitting the to-be-sniffed packet having a specific layer-2 multicast address to the ONU or the protocol analyzer.

Abstract: A session-based dynamic bandwidth allocation applied to PON includes the steps of A) duplicating, under PON system, packets transmitted to a splitter from every ONU and filtering the packets as per session classification via a snooping agent of the ONU to get specific packets; B) making every ONU transmit the specific packets to a bandwidth analyzer via a tunneling; C) analyzing information of the specific packets or the relativities between every specific packet and the previous and next packets via the bandwidth analyzer to further generate a session state information and save it into a database; and D) making an OLT access the session state information in the database and applying an SDBA to the dynamic bandwidth allocation.

Abstract: A session-based dynamic bandwidth allocation applied to PON includes the steps of A) duplicating, under PON system, packets transmitted to a splitter from every ONU and filtering the packets as per session classification via a snooping agent of the ONU to get specific packets; B) making every ONU transmit the specific packets to a bandwidth analyzer via a tunneling; C) analyzing information of the specific packets or the relativities between every specific packet and the previous and next packets via the bandwidth analyzer to further generate a session state information and save it into a database; and D) making an OLT access the session state information in the database and applying an SDBA to the dynamic bandwidth allocation.

Abstract: Methods and systems for reroute and generation of backward routing information are provided. When an originator node wants to transmit a packet to a destination node and cannot transmit the packet to a next node recorded in a routing table, the originator node records a backward packet tag and information of the originator node into the packet, and transmits the edited packet to a backup node recorded in the routing table. The backup node retrieves a backward routing table in response to the backward packet tag to see whether a forwarding node corresponding to the originator node and the destination node is a backward routing terminal. If not, the backup node transmits the packet to the forwarding node. If so, the backup node removes the backward packet tag and the information of the originator node from the packet, and transmits the packet to the forwarding node.

Abstract: Methods and systems for reroute and generation of backward routing information are provided. When an originator node wants to transmit a packet to a destination node and cannot transmit the packet to a next node recorded in a routing table, the originator node records a backward packet tag and information of the originator node into the packet, and transmits the edited packet to a backup node recorded in the routing table. The backup node retrieves a backward routing table in response to the backward packet tag to see whether a forwarding node corresponding to the originator node and the destination node is a backward routing terminal. If not, the backup node transmits the packet to the forwarding node. If so, the backup node removes the backward packet tag and the information of the originator node from the packet, and transmits the packet to the forwarding node.

Abstract: A data-transmission-control system for transmitting data packets includes a classifier to separate control packets from other packets, and an output device to transmit packets, wherein the classifier triggers the output device to directly send the separated control packets upon receiving and separating the control packets in a communication link implementing a Transmission Control Protocol, and the classifier sends the other packets to a packet processing or scheduling device.