Abstract: An optical system is provided. The optical system includes a light source assembly, a sensing element, and a light guiding element. The light source assembly is used for generating first light and second light. The sensing element is used for sensing third light from the second light reflected by an eye. The light guiding element is used for transporting the first light, the second light, and the third light. Wavelengths of the first light and the second light are different.

Abstract: An optical system is provided. The optical system includes a light source assembly, a light guiding element, and a first optical assembly. The light source assembly is used for generating first light and second light. The light guiding element is used for transporting the first light and the second light. The first optical assembly is disposed between the light guiding element and the light source assembly and used for transporting the first light and the second light. Wavelengths of the first light and the second light are different.

Abstract: Techniques for receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) transmit structure from a media access control (MAC) sublayer are provided. A PCS transmit structure is configured to receive data from a MAC sublayer, the PCS transmit structure comprising a first FEC hardware module that performs FEC encoding, in a first clock domain, on the data to generate FEC encoded data. Further, a PCS receive structure configured to receive the FEC encoded data from the PCS transmit structure, the PCS receive structure comprising a second FEC hardware module is configured to perform FEC decoding, in the second clock domain, on the FEC encoded data to generate FEC decoded data.

Abstract: Techniques for receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) transmit structure from a media access control (MAC) sublayer are provided. A PCS transmit structure is configured to receive data from a MAC sublayer, the PCS transmit structure comprising a first FEC hardware module that performs FEC encoding, in a first clock domain, on the data to generate FEC encoded data. Further, a PCS receive structure configured to receive the FEC encoded data from the PCS transmit structure, the PCS receive structure comprising a second FEC hardware module is configured to perform FEC decoding, in the second clock domain, on the FEC encoded data to generate FEC decoded data.

Abstract: Techniques for receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) transmit structure from a media access control (MAC) sublayer are provided. A PCS transmit structure is configured to receive data from a MAC sublayer, the PCS transmit structure comprising a first FEC hardware module that inserts one or more alignment markers in the data and performs FEC encoding, in a first clock domain, on the one or more alignment markers and the data to generate FEC encoded data. Further, a PCS receive structure configured to receive the FEC encoded data from the PCS transmit structure, the PCS receive structure comprising a second FEC hardware module is configured to perform FEC decoding, in the second clock domain, on the FEC encoded data to generate FEC decoded data, and remove the one or more alignment markers from the FEC decoded data.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) transmit structure from a media access control (MAC) sublayer. Data is received at a PCS transmit structure from a MAC sublayer, and one or more alignment markers are inserted in the data. FEC encoding is performed, in a first clock domain, on the one or more alignment markers and the data in the PCS transmit structure to generate FEC encoded data. The FEC encoded data is transmitted from the first clock domain with a first clock cycle to a second clock domain with a second clock cycle, and the FEC encoded data is transmitted on one or more physical medium attachment (PMA) lanes to a PCS receive structure. FEC decoding is performed, in the second clock domain, on the FEC encoded data in the PCS receive structure to generate FEC decoded data.

Abstract: Techniques for receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) transmit structure from a media access control (MAC) sublayer are provided. A PCS transmit structure is configured to receive data from a MAC sublayer, the PCS transmit structure comprising a first FEC hardware module that inserts one or more alignment markers in the data and performs FEC encoding, in a first clock domain, on the one or more alignment markers and the data to generate FEC encoded data. Further, a PCS receive structure configured to receive the FEC encoded data from the PCS transmit structure, the PCS receive structure comprising a second FEC hardware module is configured to perform FEC decoding, in the second clock domain, on the FEC encoded data to generate FEC decoded data, and remove the one or more alignment markers from the FEC decoded data.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) transmit structure from a media access control (MAC) sublayer. Data is received at a PCS transmit structure from a MAC sublayer, and one or more alignment markers are inserted in the data. FEC encoding is performed, in a first clock domain, on the one or more alignment markers and the data in the PCS transmit structure to generate FEC encoded data. The FEC encoded data is transmitted from the first clock domain with a first clock cycle to a second clock domain with a second clock cycle, and the FEC encoded data is transmitted on one or more physical medium attachment (PMA) lanes to a PCS receive structure. FEC decoding is performed, in the second clock domain, on the FEC encoded data in the PCS receive structure to generate FEC decoded data.

Abstract: The present discloses provides a decoding method, decoding apparatus and decoder for correcting burst errors. In particular, the decoding method for correcting burst errors comprises: computing an initial syndrome of a received data frame, wherein the data frame is encoded according to cyclic codes for correcting burst errors; determining error correctability of burst error contained in the data frame based on the computed initial syndrome; and processing the burst error in the data frame and outputting the processed data frame based on the determined error correctability. With the decoding method, decoding apparatus, and decoder of the present invention, error correctability of burst errors contained in a data frame can be determined before the data is send out, while having smaller decoding latency through determining the error correctability and error pattern of the burst errors contained in the data frame using initial syndrome of the data frame.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) transmit structure from a media access control (MAC) sublayer. The method includes performing a first forward error-correcting (FEC) sub-function on the data in the PCS transmit structure. The method further includes transmitting the data on one or more physical medium attachment (PMA) lanes to a PCS receive structure. The method also includes performing a second FEC sub-function on the data in the PCS receive structure.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) transmit structure from a media access control (MAC) sublayer. The method includes performing a first forward error-correcting (FEC) sub-function on the data in the PCS transmit structure. The method further includes transmitting the data on one or more physical medium attachment (PMA) lanes to a PCS receive structure. The method also includes performing a second FEC sub-function on the data in the PCS receive structure.

Abstract: A system for reducing latency in a networking application includes a first clock domain operating at a first clock frequency, where a media access control (MAC) sublayer sends data to a physical coding sublayer (PCS) utilizing the first clock domain. The system also includes a second clock domain operating at a second clock frequency, where data is transmitted on one or more physical medium attachment (PMA) lanes utilizing the second clock domain, and where the first clock frequency and the second clock frequency have a fixed ratio. Data is transmitted from the first clock domain to the second clock domain without buffering the data.

Abstract: A method for reducing latency in a networking application includes receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) from a media access control (MAC) sublayer, where the MAC sublayer utilizes a first clock domain operating at a first clock frequency. The method further includes performing one or more functions in the PCS on the data in the first clock domain. The method also includes transmitting the data on one or more physical medium attachment (PMA) lanes, where the one or more PMA lanes utilize a second clock domain operating at a second clock frequency, where the first clock frequency and the second clock frequency have a fixed ratio. The data is transmitted from the first clock domain to the second clock domain without buffering the data. The method also includes performing one or more functions in the PCS on the data in the second clock domain.

Abstract: According to example embodiments of the present invention, predetermined patterns are inserted into data streams and exchanged between a master node and a slave node. By recognizing the patterns near the underlying interface of the physical layer, the master node and slave node can generate timestamps that exactly identify when the respective messages leaves and/or arrives at the physical layer. The slave clock can be synchronized to the master clock based on such timestamps.

Abstract: The present discloses provides a decoding method, decoding apparatus and decoder for correcting burst errors. In particular, the decoding method for correcting burst errors comprises: computing an initial syndrome of a received data frame, wherein the data frame is encoded according to cyclic codes for correcting burst errors; determining error correctability of burst error contained in the data frame based on the computed initial syndrome; and processing the burst error in the data frame and outputting the processed data frame based on the determined error correctability. With the decoding method, decoding apparatus, and decoder of the present invention, error correctability of burst errors contained in a data frame can be determined before the data is send out, while having smaller decoding latency through determining the error correctability and error pattern of the burst errors contained in the data frame using initial syndrome of the data frame.

Abstract: The present discloses provides a decoding method, decoding apparatus and decoder for correcting burst errors. In particular, the decoding method for correcting burst errors comprises: computing an initial syndrome of a received data frame, wherein the data frame is encoded according to cyclic codes for correcting burst errors; determining error correctability of burst error contained in the data frame based on the computed initial syndrome; and processing the burst error in the data frame and outputting the processed data frame based on the determined error correctability. With the decoding method, decoding apparatus, and decoder of the present invention, error correctability of burst errors contained in a data frame can be determined before the data is send out, while having smaller decoding latency through determining the error correctability and error pattern of the burst errors contained in the data frame using initial syndrome of the data frame.

Abstract: A method for determining a slave clock to master clock time difference with an alignment marker. The method selects and transmits a first alignment marker at a first time by a transmitter that has a master clock in a first message to a receiver that has a slave clock. Subsequent to transmitting the first message, the method further transmits a second message that contains the first time and an identity of the first alignment marker. The method further receives the first message and records a second time that the first message is received. The method further receives the second message and the first time and the identity of the first alignment marker. The method further determines a transmission delay and generates a time difference from the slave clock to the master clock.

Abstract: A system for reducing latency in a networking application includes a first clock domain operating at a first clock frequency, where a media access control (MAC) sublayer sends data to a physical coding sublayer (PCS) utilizing the first clock domain. The system also includes a second clock domain operating at a second clock frequency, where data is transmitted on one or more physical medium attachment (PMA) lanes utilizing the second clock domain, and where the first clock frequency and the second clock frequency have a fixed ratio.

Abstract: A method for reducing latency in a networking application includes receiving data at a physical coding sublayer (PCS) from a media access control (MAC) sublayer, where the MAC sublayer utilizes a first clock domain operating at a first clock frequency. The method further includes performing one or more functions in the PCS on the data in the first clock domain. The method also includes transmitting the data on one or more physical medium attachment (PMA) lanes, where the one or more PMA lanes utilize a second clock domain operating at a second clock frequency, where the first clock frequency and the second clock frequency have a fixed ratio. The data is transmitted from the first clock domain to the second clock domain without buffering the data. The method also includes performing one or more functions in the PCS on the data in the second clock domain.

Abstract: According to example embodiments of the present invention, predetermined patterns are inserted into data streams and exchanged between a master node and a slave node. By recognizing the patterns near the underlying interface of the physical layer, the master node and slave node can generate timestamps that exactly identify when the respective messages leaves and/or arrives at the physical layer. The slave clock can be synchronized to the master clock based on such timestamps.