Abstract: A composite composition comprising includes a carbon material, a chalcogen immobilized in and/or on the carbon material, and a hydrophilic membrane gate. The hydrophilic membrane gate comprise a plurality of carbohydrates bound to each other by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The carbohydrates have both hydrogen bond donating groups and hydrogen bond accepting groups, one or more of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds break and one or more of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds form in response to changes in volume of the composite composition. The composite composition be employed in a cathode of a rechargeable battery.

Abstract: An immobilized chalcogen system or body includes an element of chalcogen, an electrically conductive material, and a hydrophilic membrane gate. The hydrophilic membrane gate may be used to isolate hydrophobic regions, one related to polychalcogenide ion(s) and another related to a hydrophobic electrolyte system. The hydrophilic membrane gate may prevent polychalcogenide from forming, and may provide control of undesirable parasitic mass transport and undesirable electron transport inside a chalcogen-based battery, and thereby allow the battery to cycle at a high specific capacity with a long cycling life. If desired, the immobilized chalcogen system or body may be employed in a cathode of a rechargeable battery.

Abstract: An immobilized chalcogen system or body includes a mixture or combination of chalcogen and carbon. The carbon can be in the form of a carbon skeleton. The chalcogen can include oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, or a combination of any two or more of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. The activation energy for chalcogen to escape the immobilized chalcogen system or body is ?96 kJ/mole.

Abstract: An immobilized chalcogen system or body includes a mixture or combination of chalcogen and carbon. The carbon can be in the form of a carbon skeleton. The chalcogen can include oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, or a combination of any two or more of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. The activation energy for chalcogen to escape the immobilized chalcogen system or body is ?96 kJ/mole.

Abstract: An electrochemical device includes a first electrode having 50 wt.% to 99 wt.% immobilized sulfur, 1 wt. % to 12 wt.% binder, and 0.2 wt.% to 12 wt.% porous composition. The porous composition includes 0.0001 wt.% to 40 wt.% of a first porous material having an average pore size less of than 2 nm and 0.05 wt.% to 40 wt.% of a second porous material having an average pore size of 2 nm to 100 nm. The electrochemical device further includes a second electrode opposed from the first electrode and an electrolyte positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a polycrystalline diamond table includes a plurality of bonded diamond grains and a plurality of interstitial regions defined by the plurality of bonded diamond grains. The polycrystalline diamond table may be at least partially leached such that at least a portion of at least one interstitial constituent has been removed from at least a portion of the plurality of interstitial regions by exposure to a leaching agent. The leaching agent may include a mixture having a ratio of weight % hydrofluoric acid to weight % nitric acid of about 1.0 to about 2.4, and water in a concentration of about 50 weight % to about 85 weight %. Various other materials, articles, and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a polycrystalline diamond table includes a plurality of bonded diamond grains and a plurality of interstitial regions defined by the plurality of bonded diamond grains. The polycrystalline diamond table may be at least partially leached such that at least a portion of at least one interstitial constituent has been removed from at least a portion of the plurality of interstitial regions by exposure to a leaching agent. The leaching agent may include a mixture having a ratio of weight % hydrofluoric acid to weight % nitric acid of about 1.0 to about 2.4, and water in a concentration of about 50 weight % to about 85 weight %. Various other materials, articles, and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: An immobilized chalcogen system or body includes an element of chalcogen, an electrically conductive material, and a hydrophilic membrane gate. The hydrophilic membrane gate may be used to isolate hydrophobic regions, one related to polychalcogenide ion(s) and another related to a hydrophobic electrolyte system. The hydrophilic membrane gate may prevent polychalcogenide from forming, and may provide control of undesirable parasitic mass transport and undesirable electron transport inside a chalcogen-based battery, and thereby allow the battery to cycle at a high specific capacity with a long cycling life. If desired, the immobilized chalcogen system or body may be employed in a cathode of a rechargeable battery.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a polycrystalline diamond table includes a plurality of bonded diamond grains and a plurality of interstitial regions defined by the plurality of bonded diamond grains. The polycrystalline diamond table may be at least partially leached such that at least a portion of at least one interstitial constituent has been removed from at least a portion of the plurality of interstitial regions by exposure to a leaching agent. The leaching agent may include a mixture having a ratio of weight % hydrofluoric acid to weight % nitric acid of about 1.0 to about 2.4, and water in a concentration of about 50 weight % to about 85 weight %. Various other materials, articles, and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: An immobilized chalcogen system or body includes a mixture or combination of chalcogen and carbon. The carbon can be in the form of a carbon skeleton. The chalcogen can include oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, or a combination of any two or more of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. The activation energy for chalcogen to escape the immobilized chalcogen system or body is ?96 kJ/mole.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method of fabricating a leached polycrystalline diamond (“PCD”) body is disclosed. The PCD body includes bonded diamond grains defining interstitial regions at least a portion of which include at least one interstitial constituent disposed therein. The method includes leaching the PCD body with a leaching agent to remove at least a portion of the at least one interstitial constituent therefrom. The leaching agent includes a mixture having hydrofluoric acid in a first concentration of about 10 weight % to about 50 weight %, nitric acid in a second concentration of about 5 weight % to about 25 weight %, and water in a third concentration of about 25 weight % to about 85 weight %. Further embodiments relate to different leaching methods and different leaching agent compositions.