Abstract: A solar fuels generation system includes a first reactor that contains a first solution in which a charge carrier is reduced to a reduced charge carrier. The system also includes a second reactor that contains a second solution in which the reduced charge carrier reduces protons so as to generate hydrogen gas.

Abstract: In a general aspect, a composite contact composite membrane for direct removal of carbon dioxide from oceanwater is presented. In some cases, a composite membrane includes a supporting layer having a first surface and a second, opposite surface; and a carbon dioxide selective layer disposed on the first surface. The carbon dioxide selective layer is configured to contact an aqueous solution including dissolved carbon dioxide and to selectively transport the dissolved carbon dioxide from the aqueous solution through the supporting layer to the second opposite surface.

Abstract: In a general aspect, a composite contact composite membrane for direct removal of carbon dioxide from oceanwater is presented. In some cases, a composite membrane includes a supporting layer having a first surface and a second, opposite surface; and a carbon dioxide selective layer disposed on the first surface. The carbon dioxide selective layer is configured to contact an aqueous solution including dissolved carbon dioxide and to selectively transport the dissolved carbon dioxide from the aqueous solution through the supporting layer to the second opposite surface.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating high-pressure hydrogen are described. The hydrogen generation systems include hybrid electrolyzer systems and catalytic compression systems. The systems can directly generate gaseous hydrogen at a pressure of at least 700 bar.

Abstract: A dual-pathway system for CO2 capture in both acidified and basified streams is provided. The system may be embodied in an off-shore stand-alone facility to allow for the operation of oceanic CO2 capture to be more efficient and cost effective. Systems maintain high environmental standards by containing all intermediate acidic and alkaline solutions in a closed system so that the effluent discharged back into the ocean is at the similar pH and salinity as the feed oceanwater, with only CO2 removed. Acid and base produced by an electrodialyzer unit is used to achieve oceanwater decarbonization via gaseous CO2 removal and solid CaCO3 precipitates removal. The system is configured to require the processing of a very small fraction of the total oceanwater intake for the acid-base generation process.

Abstract: Systems and methods for electrochemical hydrogen looping cells are described. Generating a pH swing can expedite carbon dioxide capture from oceanwater. Many embodiments implement electrochemical hydrogen looping cells that simultaneously produce acid via anodic hydrogen oxidation and base via cathodic hydrogen evolution to generate a pH change.

Abstract: Systems and methods for catalyzed asymmetric bipolar membranes are described. Catalyzed asymmetric bipolar membranes can sustain desired current densities under low operational voltage for prolonged time periods. Catalyzed asymmetric bipolar membranes can be implemented in electrodialysis cells for various applications such as carbon capture.

Abstract: Systems and methods of gas-liquid contactors for direct ocean capture and/or direct air capture are described.

Abstract: A solar fuels generator includes an anolyte and a catholyte in contact with a separator. The separator is configured such that the pH of the anolyte and the pH of the catholyte are each held at a steady state pH level during operation of the solar fuels generator. The steady state pH level of the anolyte is different from the steady state pH level of the catholyte.

Abstract: Disclosed are electrochemical systems that include an electrodialyzer and a vapor-fed CO2 reduction (CO2R) cell to capture and convert CO2 from ocean water. The electrodialyzer includes a stack of bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) cells between end electrodes. The electrodialzyer incorporates monovalent cation exchange membranes (M-CEMs) that prevent the transfer of multivalent cations between adjacent cell compartments, allowing continuous recirculation of electrolytes and solutions, and thus providing a safer and more scaling-free electrodialysis system. In some embodiments, the electrodialyzer may be configured to replace the water-splitting reaction at end electrodes with one-electron, reversible redox couples in solution at the electrodes. As a result, in the entire electrodialyzer stack, there is no bond-making, bond-breaking reactions and there is no gas generation, which significantly simplifies the cell design and improves operational safety.

Abstract: A solar fuels generator includes an anolyte and a catholyte in contact with a separator. The separator is configured such that the pH of the anolyte and the pH of the catholyte are each held at a steady state pH level during operation of the solar fuels generator. The steady state pH level of the anolyte is different from the steady state pH level of the catholyte.

Abstract: A solar fuels generator includes an anolyte and a catholyte in contact with a separator. The separator is configured such that the pH of the anolyte and the pH of the catholyte are each held at a steady state pH level during operation of the solar fuels generator. The steady state pH level of the anolyte is different from the steady state pH level of the catholyte.

Abstract: Various samples are generated on a substrate. The samples each includes or consists of one or more analytes. In some instances, the samples are generated through the use of gels or through vapor deposition techniques. The samples are used in an instrument for screening large numbers of analytes by locating the samples between a working electrode and a counter electrode assembly. The instrument also includes one or more light sources for illuminating each of the samples. The instrument is configured to measure the photocurrent formed through a sample as a result of the illumination of the sample.

Abstract: A solar fuels generation system includes a first reactor that contains a first solution in which a charge carrier is reduced to a reduced charge carrier. The system also includes a second reactor that contains a second solution in which the reduced charge carrier reduces protons so as to generate hydrogen gas.

Abstract: The solar fuels generator includes an ionically conductive separator between a gaseous first phase and a second phase. A photoanode uses one or more components of the first phase to generate cations during operation of the solar fuels generator. A cation conduit is positioned provides a pathway along which the cations travel from the photoanode to the separator. The separator conducts the cations. A second solid cation conduit conducts the cations from the separator to a photocathode.

Abstract: The solar fuels generator includes an ionically conductive separator between a gaseous first phase and a second phase. A photoanode uses one or more components of the first phase to generate cations during operation of the solar fuels generator. A cation conduit is positioned provides a pathway along which the cations travel from the photoanode to the separator. The separator conducts the cations. A second solid cation conduit conducts the cations from the separator to a photocathode.

Abstract: A solar fuels generator includes an anolyte and a catholyte in contact with a separator. The separator is configured such that the pH of the anolyte and the pH of the catholyte are each held at a steady state pH level during operation of the solar fuels generator. The steady state pH level of the anolyte is different from the steady state pH level of the catholyte.

Abstract: The solar fuels generator includes an ionically conductive separator between a gaseous first phase and a second phase. A photoanode uses one or more components of the first phase to generate cations during operation of the solar fuels generator. A cation conduit is positioned provides a pathway along which the cations travel from the photoanode to the separator. The separator conducts the cations. A second solid cation conduit conducts the cations from the separator to a photocathode.

Abstract: Various samples are generated on a substrate. The samples each includes or consists of one or more analytes. In some instances, the samples are generated through the use of gels or through vapor deposition techniques. The samples are used in an instrument for screening large numbers of analytes by locating the samples between a working electrode and a counter electrode assembly. The instrument also includes one or more light sources for illuminating each of the samples. The instrument is configured to measure the photocurrent formed through a sample as a result of the illumination of the sample.

Abstract: Various samples are generated on a substrate. The samples each includes or consists of one or more analytes. In some instances, the samples are generated through the use of gels or through vapor deposition techniques. The samples are used in an instrument for screening large numbers of analytes by locating the samples between a working electrode and a counter electrode assembly. The instrument also includes one or more light sources for illuminating each of the samples. The instrument is configured to measure the photocurrent formed through a sample as a result of the illumination of the sample.