Abstract: A polyimide precursor monomer having an E value of 2.0 or more calculated by Equation 1 is selected among polyimide raw materials. A polyimide includes a structural unit derived from the polyimide precursor monomer having the E value of 2.0 or more. Optical properties of a polyimide film formed from the polyimide can be improved, and the optical properties of a polyimide film can be predicted from the E value of the polyimide precursor monomer even before production of the polyimide film.

Abstract: A blankmask for EUV lithography includes a substrate, a reflective layer, a capping layer, and a phase shift layer. The phase shift layer is made of a material containing ruthenium (Ru) and chromium (Cr), and a total content of ruthenium (Ru) and chromium (Cr) is 50 to 100 at %. The phase shift layer may further contain boron (B) or nitrogen (N). The phase shift layer of the present invention has a high relative reflectance (relative reflectance with respect to a reflectance of the reflective layer under the phase shift layer) with respect to a tantalum (Ta)-based phase shift layer and has a phase shift amount of 170 to 230°. It is possible to obtain excellent resolution when finally manufacturing a pattern of 7 nm or less by using a photomask manufactured using such a blankmask.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there may be provided an operation method of a server for estimating the size of damage in disaster affected areas. In this instance, the operation method of the server may include acquiring at least one first disaster image, deriving an affected area from each of the at least one first disaster image, acquiring affected area related information through labeling based on the derived affected area, and training a first learning model using the at least one first disaster image and the affected area related information.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there may be provided an operation method of a server for identifying disaster affected areas. In this instance, the operation method of the server may include acquiring at least one first disaster image; deriving an affected area from each of the at least one first disaster image, and acquiring affected area related information through labeling based on the derived affected area; and training a first learning model using the at least one first disaster image and the affected area related information.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device for reducing a thermal burden on impurity regions of a peripheral circuit region includes preparing a substrate including a cell active region in a cell array region and peripheral active regions in a peripheral circuit region. A cell gate pattern and peripheral gate patterns may be formed on the cell active region and the peripheral active regions. First cell impurity regions may be formed in the cell active region. A first insulating layer and a sacrificial insulating layer may be formed to surround the cell gate pattern and the peripheral gate patterns. Cell conductive pads may be formed in the first insulating layer to electrically connect the first cell impurity regions. The sacrificial insulating layer may be removed adjacent to the peripheral gate patterns. First and second peripheral impurity regions may be sequentially formed in the peripheral active regions adjacent to the peripheral gate patterns.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device is provided. The method can include forming a hard mask film including lower and upper hard mask films on a substrate in which an active region and an isolation region are defined and patterning the hard mask film to provide a hard mask pattern partially exposing the active region and the isolation region. An etchant can be applied to the active and isolation regions using the hard mask pattern as an etching mask to form a trench in the active region of the substrate while avoiding substantially etching the isolation region exposed to the etchant and a gate can be formed on the trench.

Abstract: There are provided a method of forming a fine pattern of a semiconductor device using a silicon germanium sacrificial layer, and a method of forming a self-aligned contact using the same. The method of forming a self-aligned contact of a semiconductor device includes forming a conductive line structure having a conductive material layer, a hard mask layer, and a sidewall spacer on a substrate, and forming a silicon germanium (Si1-xGex) sacrificial layer, which has a height equal to or higher than a height of at least the conductive line structure, on an entire surface of the substrate. Then, a photoresist pattern for defining a contact hole is formed on the sacrificial layer, and the sacrificial layer is dry-etched, thereby forming a contact hole for exposing the substrate. A plurality of contacts for filling the contact hole are formed using polysilicon, and the remained sacrificial layer is wet-etched.

Abstract: Example embodiments relate to a semiconductor memory device and a method of forming the semiconductor memory device. The semiconductor memory device may include a first interlayer insulating layer on a semiconductor substrate. A bit line may be arranged in a first direction on the first interlayer insulating layer. A bit line contact pad may be disposed in the first interlayer insulating layer and electrically connected to the bit line. A storage contact pad may be disposed in the first interlayer insulating layer. A top surface of the bit line contact pad may be lower than a top surface of the storage contact pad.

Abstract: There are provided a method of forming a fine pattern of a semiconductor device using a silicon germanium sacrificial layer, and a method of forming a self-aligned contact using the same. The method of forming a self-aligned contact of a semiconductor device includes forming a conductive line structure having a conductive material layer, a hard mask layer, and a sidewall spacer on a substrate, and forming a silicon germanium (Si1-xGex) sacrificial layer, which has a height equal to or higher than a height of at least the conductive line structure, on an entire surface of the substrate. Then, a photoresist pattern for defining a contact hole is formed on the sacrificial layer, and the sacrificial layer is dry-etched, thereby forming a contact hole for exposing the substrate. A plurality of contacts for filling the contact hole are formed using polysilicon, and the remained sacrificial layer is wet-etched.

Abstract: There are provided a method of forming a fine pattern of a semiconductor device using a silicon germanium sacrificial layer, and a method of forming a self-aligned contact using the same. The method of forming a self-aligned contact of a semiconductor device includes forming a conductive line structure having a conductive material layer, a hard mask layer, and a sidewall spacer on a substrate, and forming a silicon germanium (Si1-xGex) sacrificial layer, which has a height equal to or higher than a height of at least the conductive line structure, on an entire surface of the substrate. Then, a photoresist pattern for defining a contact hole is formed on the sacrificial layer, and the sacrificial layer is dry-etched, thereby forming a contact hole for exposing the substrate. A plurality of contacts for filling the contact hole are formed using polysilicon, and the remained sacrificial layer is wet-etched.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device for reducing a thermal burden on impurity regions of a peripheral circuit region includes preparing a substrate including a cell active region in a cell array region and peripheral active regions in a peripheral circuit region. A cell gate pattern and peripheral gate patterns may be formed on the cell active region and the peripheral active regions. First cell impurity regions may be formed in the cell active region. A first insulating layer and a sacrificial insulating layer may be formed to surround the cell gate pattern and the peripheral gate patterns. Cell conductive pads may be formed in the first insulating layer to electrically connect the first cell impurity regions. The sacrificial insulating layer may be removed adjacent to the peripheral gate patterns. First and second peripheral impurity regions may be sequentially formed in the peripheral active regions adjacent to the peripheral gate patterns.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device is provided. The method can include forming a hard mask film including lower and upper hard mask films on a substrate in which an active region and an isolation region are defined and patterning the hard mask film to provide a hard mask pattern partially exposing the active region and the isolation region. An etchant can be applied to the active and isolation regions using the hard mask pattern as an etching mask to form a trench in the active region of the substrate while avoiding substantially etching the isolation region exposed to the etchant and a gate can be formed on the trench.

Abstract: Example embodiments relate to a semiconductor memory device and a method of forming the semiconductor memory device. The semiconductor memory device may include a first interlayer insulating layer on a semiconductor substrate. A bit line may be arranged in a first direction on the first interlayer insulating layer. A bit line contact pad may be disposed in the first interlayer insulating layer and electrically connected to the bit line. A storage contact pad may be disposed in the first interlayer insulating layer. A top surface of the bit line contact pad may be lower than a top surface of the storage contact pad.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device includes forming a carbon-containing layer on a semiconductor substrate, forming an insulating layer pattern on the carbon-containing layer, the insulating layer pattern partially exposing an upper surface of the carbon-containing layer, dry-etching the exposed portion of the carbon-containing layer, to form a carbon-containing layer pattern for defining a storage node hole, forming a bottom electrode inside the storage node hole, forming a dielectric layer on the bottom electrode inside the storage node hole, the dielectric layer covering the bottom electrode, and forming an upper electrode on the dielectric layer inside the storage node hole, the upper electrode covering the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A method of forming a capacitor can include etching a metal-nitride layer in an environment comprising fluorine and oxygen to form a capacitor electrode.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a gate of a semiconductor device using an oxygen-free ashing process is disclosed. The method includes forming a high-k dielectric film, having a dielectric constant higher than a silicon oxide film, on a semiconductor substrate including an NMOS region and a PMOS region, forming an etching target film on the high-k dielectric film, forming a photoresist pattern to expose any one region of the two regions, on the etching target film, etching the etching target film using the photoresist pattern as an etching mask, and removing the photoresist pattern using plasma formed in the presence of an oxygen-free reactive gas.

Abstract: Methods for etching a metal layer and a metallization method of a semiconductor device using an etching gas that includes Cl2 and N2 are provided. A mask layer is formed on the metal layer, the etching gas is supplied to the metal layer, and the metal layer is etched by the etching gas using the mask layer as an etch mask. The metal layer may be formed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. Cl2 and N2 may be mixed at a ratio of 1:1 to 1:10. The etching gas may also include additional gases such as inactive gases or gases that include the elements H, O, F, He, or C. In addition, N2 may be supplied at a flow rate of from 45–65% of the total flow rate of the etching gas, which results in a reduction in the occurrence of micro-loading and cone-shaped defects in semiconductor devices.

Abstract: A method for optimizing a seasoning recipe for a dry etch process. The method includes setting a critical value of reproducibility, a main etch recipe, and a preliminary seasoning recipe. A test wafer is then etched using the preliminary seasoning recipe in a dry etch chamber. Next, a main etch process is performed with respect to at least 10 run wafers in the dry etch chamber using the main etch recipe and an end-point detection time for each wafer is determined. An initial dispersion and a standard deviation are then determined using the determined end-point detection times. The critical value of reproducibility is then compared to the initial dispersion. If the initial dispersion is equal to or less than the critical value of reproducibility, the preliminary seasoning recipe is used as the seasoning recipe, otherwise the preliminary seasoning recipe is modified and the process is repeated until an optimal seasoning recipe is determined.

Abstract: A method for optimizing a seasoning recipe for a dry etch process. The method includes setting a critical value of reproducibility, a main etch recipe, and a preliminary seasoning recipe. A test wafer is then etched using the preliminary seasoning recipe in a dry etch chamber. Next, a main etch process is performed with respect to at least 10 run wafers in the dry etch chamber using the main etch recipe and an end-point detection time for each wafer is determined. An initial dispersion and a standard deviation are then determined using the determined end-point detection times. The critical value of reproducibility is then compared to the initial dispersion. If the initial dispersion is equal to or less than the critical value of reproducibility, the preliminary seasoning recipe is used as the seasoning recipe, otherwise the preliminary seasoning recipe is modified and the process is repeated until an optimal seasoning recipe is determined.

Abstract: A method of forming a capacitor can include etching a metal-nitride layer in an environment comprising fluorine and oxygen to form a capacitor electrode.