Abstract: A method for filling a gap includes: filling a dielectric layer in the gap so that a seam is formed in the dielectric layer, the dielectric layer including two surface portions at two opposite sides of the seam, respectively; introducing a surface modification agent into the seam such that each of the two surface portions has first functional groups and second functional groups; forming a stress layer on the dielectric layer to cover the seam, the stress layer including a material different from that of the dielectric layer; and applying an energy field to permit the two surface portions to bond with each other through reaction between the first functional groups and the second functional groups.

Abstract: Compositions comprising one or more nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles encapsulate fluorescence dyes are disclosed. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle comprises triterpene. In another embodiment, the nanoparticle comprises triterpene and fatty ester. Methods for performing a diagnostic or a therapeutic procedure comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the compositions of the present invention or carbocyanine dyes are also provided.

Abstract: Compositions comprising one or more nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles encapsulate fluorescence dyes are disclosed. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle comprises triterpene. In another embodiment, the nanoparticle comprises triterpene and fatty ester. Methods for performing a diagnostic or a therapeutic procedure comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the compositions of the present invention or carbocyanine dyes are also provided.