Abstract: A network control apparatus is configured to acquire packets sent from a first network node to a second network node, manage packet types of the packets, monitor condition of a network between the first network node and the second network node based on the packets, and delay a specific packet in reaching the second network node based on an order of procedures determined based on packet types in the second network node when the condition of the network is assessed as worse than normal.

Abstract: An ion-selective electrode comprises, in order of enumerating from the measured-ion contact side: a solid electrolyte as an ion-sensitive membrane; an ionic bridge layer; and, an internal electrode. The bridge layer is prepared by mixing a salt mixture with an electrically conductive resin composition at a ratio of 1:2 to 3:1 in weight, determined after heat treatment. The salt mixture is prepared by mixing silver halide with sodium phosphate at a ratio of from 9:1 to 3:7 in weight. The electrode is very small in voltage fluctuation detected among products; easily downsized to be capable of measuring a very small amount of a sample solution; and useful in measuring activity of ion species such as Na-ion.