Abstract: A method for producing a homocyclic or heterocyclic compound includes reacting a compound of formula (I) with a compound of formula (II) in presence of a base: R1—B-G??(I) In formula (I), B is an unsaturated moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted vinylene, ethynylene, aryleneethynylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylenevinylene, and a combination thereof, the vinylene or arylenevinylene has n (=0, 1 or 2) substituent(s) R2, G is an electron-withdrawing group, R1 is hydrogen or a substituent, and two of R1, R2 and G may joint together to form a ring. In formula (II), R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen or a substituent, R5 is an electron-withdrawing group, and two of R3, R4 and R5 may joint together to form a ring. The conjugate acid of the base has a pKa in the range of 1 to 15.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating includes an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 45, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 45, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z?H and Y?H.

Abstract: A method for producing a homocyclic or heterocyclic compound includes reacting a compound of formula (I) with a compound of formula (II) in presence of a base: In formula (I), B is an unsaturated moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted vinylene, ethynylene, aryleneethynylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylenevinylene, and a combination thereof, the vinylene or arylenevinylene has n (=0, 1 or 2) substituent(s) R2, G is an electron-withdrawing group, R1 is hydrogen or a substituent, and two of R1, R2 and G may joint together to form a ring. In formula (II), R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen or a substituent, R5 is an electron-withdrawing group, and two of R3, R4 and R5 may joint together to form a ring. The conjugate acid of the base has a pKa in the range of 1 to 15.

Abstract: A method for producing a homocyclic or heterocyclic compound includes reacting a compound of formula (I) with a compound of formula (II) in presence of a base: In formula (I), B is an unsaturated moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted vinylene, ethynylene, aryleneethynylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylenevinylene, and a combination thereof, the vinylene or arylenevinylene has n (=0, 1 or 2) substituent(s) R2, G is an electron-withdrawing group, R1 is hydrogen or a substituent, and two of R1, R2 and G may joint together to form a ring. In formula (II), R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen or a substituent, R5 is an electron-withdrawing group, and two of R3, R4 and R5 may joint together to form a ring. The conjugate acid of the base has a pKa in the range of 1 to 15.

Abstract: A method for producing a homocyclic or heterocyclic compound includes reacting a compound of formula (I) with a compound of formula (II) in presence of a base: In formula (I), B is an unsaturated moiety selected from substituted or unsubstituted vinylene, ethynylene, aryleneethynylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylenevinylene, and a combination thereof, the vinylene or arylenevinylene has n (=0, 1 or 2) substituent(s) R2, G is an electron-withdrawing group, R1 is hydrogen or a substituent, and two of R1, R2 and G may joint together to form a ring. In formula (II), R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen or a substituent, R5 is an electron-withdrawing group, and two of R3, R4 and R5 may joint together to form a ring. The conjugate acid of the base has a pKa in the range of 1 to 15.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating includes an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 45, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 45, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z?H and Y?H.

Abstract: A method for forming a conjugated heteroaromatic polymer is described, wherein at least one compound of formula (1) is polymerized using an acid as a catalyst, wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) being polymerized includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z?H and Y?H.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating includes an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 45, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 45, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z?H and Y?H.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating is described, including an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y?H.

Abstract: A method of forming a chalcogenophene compound of formula (I) includes reacting a compound of formula (II) with a chalcogenide salt in presence of a proton source. Y is O, S, Se, Te or Po. R1 is hydrogen, deuterium, an aliphatic, heteroaromatic, or aromatic group, or a precursor of a leaving group Z whose conjugate acid (HZ) has pKa less than 30. R2 is hydrogen, deuterium, or an aliphatic, heteroaromatic, or aromatic group. R1 and R2 may be the same or different, and may joint together to form a saturated or unsaturated, heteroalicyclic or alicyclic ring. R3 is, for example, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, organosilyl, organotin, or organogermyl. R3? is the same as R3 or is hydrogen. X is a precursor of a leaving group X whose conjugate acid (HX) has a pKa of less than 30.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating is described, including an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y?H.

Abstract: A method for forming a conjugated heteroaromatic polymer is described, wherein at least one compound of formula (1) is polymerized using an acid as a catalyst, wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) being polymerized includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z?H and Y?H.

Abstract: A method for forming a conjugated heteroaromatic polymer is described, wherein at least one compound of formula (1) is polymerized using an acid as a catalyst, wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HZ) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) being polymerized includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y?H.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating includes an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 45, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 45, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y?H.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating is described, including an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y?H.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating is described, including an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z?H and Y?H.

Abstract: A method for direct functionalization of polyaniline and other molecules with at least one diiminoquinoid ring through C—C bond formation is described. Fluoride ion, or a weak base whose conjugated acid form has a pKa value of 1-10, is used as a catalyst to react the molecule with an organic compound that has an abstractable proton directly bonded to the target carbon atom thereof to be bonded to the diiminoquinoid ring and has a pKa value less than 30 for the abstractable proton.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating is described, including an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y?H.

Abstract: A composition for forming an electroactive coating is described, including an acid as a polymerization catalyst, at least one functional component, and at least one compound of formula (1) as a monomer: wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y?H.

Abstract: A method for forming a conjugated heteroaromatic polymer is described, wherein at least one compound of formula (1) is polymerized using an acid as a catalyst, wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR2 and NR2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y? whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pKa of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) being polymerized includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z?H and Y?H.