Abstract: The present disclosure provides a semiconductor structure. The semiconductor structure includes an insulation layer. A bottom electrode via is disposed in the insulation layer. The bottom electrode via includes a conductive portion and a capping layer over the conductive portion. A barrier layer surrounds the bottom electrode via. A magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) is disposed over the bottom electrode via.

Abstract: A method includes forming Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) stack layers, which includes depositing a bottom electrode layer; depositing a bottom magnetic electrode layer over the bottom electrode layer; depositing a tunnel barrier layer over the bottom magnetic electrode layer; depositing a top magnetic electrode layer over the tunnel barrier layer; and depositing a top electrode layer over the top magnetic electrode layer. The method further includes patterning the MTJ stack layers to form a MTJ; and performing a passivation process on a sidewall of the MTJ to form a protection layer. The passivation process includes reacting sidewall surface portions of the MTJ with a process gas comprising elements selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A digital-to-analog converter has both a plurality of DAC stages and a plurality of dummy stages. Each DAC stage causes a glitch or disturbance to a pair of reference voltages when the DAC stage changes its switching state. Each dummy stage also causes a similar glitch or disturbance to the pair of reference voltages when the dummy stage changes its switching state. The dummy stages are controlled to change their switching state responsive to how many DAC stages change their switching state such that a total glitch induced onto the reference voltages remains substantially constant across a succession of digital words converted by the digital-to-analog converter into an analog output signal.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a reference voltage circuit having a bandgap input and a reference voltage output. The apparatus also includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) coupled to the reference voltage output and having a digital signal input. The apparatus includes an amplifier having a first input coupled to an output of the DAC. The first input is coupled to an output of the amplifier via a feedback resistor. The apparatus includes a resistor coupled to the reference voltage output and having a body terminal coupled to the output of the amplifier.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a reference voltage circuit having a bandgap input and a reference voltage output. The apparatus also includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) coupled to the reference voltage output and having a digital signal input. The apparatus includes an amplifier having a first input coupled to an output of the DAC. The first input is coupled to an output of the amplifier via a feedback resistor. The apparatus includes a resistor coupled to the reference voltage output and having a body terminal coupled to the output of the amplifier.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an amplifier having a first input and a second input. A first feedback resistor is coupled to the first input and has a first body terminal coupled to a first bias terminal. A second feedback resistor is coupled to the second input and has a second body terminal coupled to a second bias terminal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a signal processing system and associated method. The signal processing system includes converter(s) for conversion between digital and analog, each converter includes multiple serially coupled units forming multiple frequency interfaces respectively associating with different frequencies, and each converter is partitioned, at a selected frequency interface, to a first portion and a second portion respectively formed in the first chip and the second chip. The partitioning frequency interface is selected to reduce implement cost.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an amplifier having a first input and a second input. A first feedback resistor is coupled to the first input and has a first body terminal coupled to a first bias terminal. A second feedback resistor is coupled to the second input and has a second body terminal coupled to a second bias terminal.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an input amplifier stage and a switch that has a first terminal at a virtual ground input of the input amplifier stage.

Abstract: The present invention provides a signal processing system and associated method. The signal processing system includes converter(s) for conversion between digital and analog, each converter includes multiple serially coupled units forming multiple frequency interfaces respectively associating with different frequencies, and each converter is partitioned, at a selected frequency interface, to a first portion and a second portion respectively formed in the first chip and the second chip. The partitioning frequency interface is selected to reduce implement cost.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an input amplifier stage and a switch that has a first terminal at a virtual ground input of the input amplifier stage.

Abstract: The present invention provides a signal processing system and associated method. The signal processing system includes converter(s) for conversion between digital and analog, each converter includes multiple serially coupled units forming multiple frequency interfaces respectively associating with different frequencies, and each converter is partitioned, at a selected frequency interface, to a first portion and a second portion respectively formed in the first chip and the second chip. The partitioning frequency interface is selected to reduce implement cost.

Abstract: An audio processing device is provided. The audio processing device includes a shaper. The shaper receives a digital input audio signal and generates an output audio signal at an output terminal according to the digital input audio signal. The shaper includes a gain adjustment unit and a shaping unit. The gain adjustment unit receives the digital input audio signal and adjusts the digital input audio signal to generate a gained audio signal. The shaping unit receives the gained audio signal. When the shaper operates in a first mode, the shaping unit shapes an envelope of the gained audio signal to generate a shaped audio signal, and the shaped audio signal serves as the output audio signal.

Abstract: A control device and an associated method for driving a multi-function speaker supporting a plurality of predetermined functions including at least an audio function and a non-audio function includes a digital signal mixing block and a digital-to-analog block. The digital signal mixing block is arranged for receiving a plurality of digital input signals corresponding to the predetermined functions, respectively, and generating a digital mixed signal according to the digital input signals. The digital-to-analog block is coupled to the digital signal mixing block, for generating an analog driving signal to the multi-function speaker according to the digital mixed signal.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit is disclosed. The amplifier circuit includes a detection circuit, a control amplifier circuit and an output stage. The detection circuit detects disturbances occurring in a first supply voltage and provides detection results. The control amplifier circuit controls a first voltage provided to a first control node and a second voltage provided to a second control node in response to the detection results. The output stage circuit includes a first output power transistor coupled to the control amplifier circuit at the first control node and a second output power transistor coupled to the control amplifier circuit at the second control node. The first voltage and the second voltage are controlled differently when a disturbance is detected to have occurred.

Abstract: The present invention provides a signal processing system and associated method. The signal processing system includes converter(s) for conversion between digital and analog, each converter includes multiple serially coupled units forming multiple frequency interfaces respectively associating with different frequencies, and each converter is partitioned, at a selected frequency interface, to a first portion and a second portion respectively formed in the first chip and the second chip. The partitioning frequency interface is selected to reduce implement cost.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit is disclosed. The amplifier circuit includes a detection circuit, a control amplifier circuit and an output stage. The detection circuit detects disturbances occurring in a first supply voltage and provides detection results. The control amplifier circuit controls a first voltage provided to a first control node and a second voltage provided to a second control node in response to the detection results. The output stage circuit includes a first output power transistor coupled to the control amplifier circuit at the first control node and a second output power transistor coupled to the control amplifier circuit at the second control node. The first voltage and the second voltage are controlled differently when a disturbance is detected to have occurred.

Abstract: An audio processing device is provided. The audio processing device includes a shaper. The shaper receives a digital input audio signal and generates an output audio signal at an output terminal according to the digital input audio signal. The shaper includes a gain adjustment unit and a shaping unit. The gain adjustment unit receives the digital input audio signal and adjusts the digital input audio signal to generate a gained audio signal. The shaping unit receives the gained audio signal. When the shaper operates in a first mode, the shaping unit shapes an envelope of the gained audio signal to generate a shaped audio signal, and the shaped audio signal serves as the output audio signal.

Abstract: A control device and an associated method for driving a multi-function speaker supporting a plurality of predetermined functions including at least an audio function and a non-audio function includes a digital signal mixing block and a digital-to-analog block. The digital signal mixing block is arranged for receiving a plurality of digital input signals corresponding to the predetermined functions, respectively, and generating a digital mixed signal according to the digital input signals. The digital-to-analog block is coupled to the digital signal mixing block, for generating an analog driving signal to the multi-function speaker according to the digital mixed signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for shape forming of degradable polymers under the protection of an inactive gas is disclosed to use an injection-molding machine to mold a degradable polymer into final products, and to use an inactive gas to form an air shield that isolates the supplied degradable polymer from air during injection molding.