Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method of manufacturing one or more needles of a probe card by refining and processing a conductive body that extends from the probe card to form a respective tip at the end of the respective conductive body. Forming the respective tip of a respective needle includes removing respective portions from the end of the conductive body by flowing an electrolytic fluid between a conductive pattern structure and an end of the respective conductive body. Removing the respective portions with the flow of the electrons may be performed in multiple successive steps to form various needles with various sizes, shapes, and profiles (e.g., cylindrical, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, etc.).

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods for preventing, treating, or inhibiting inflammatory diseases, disorders, or conditions of the skin, and diseases, disorders, or conditions associated with collagen depletion using one or more estrogenic agents.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing electromagnetic interference is provided. The apparatus includes a receiving module, a first comparing module, and a frequency spreading module. The receiving module receives a first signal with a first frequency and a second signal with a second frequency. The first comparing module is used for comparing the first frequency and the second frequency. The frequency spreading module is operated by a comparing result of the first comparing module. If the first frequency is higher than the second frequency, the frequency spreading module up-spreads the first frequency and down-spreads the second frequency.

Abstract: A method of ascertaining if a prodrug is useful for treating a disease is disclosed. The prodrug is acceptable if it is metabolized in liver cells by aldehyde oxidase to produce an active drug or metabolite. Prodrugs are shown equally effective in treating diseases as the active drug itself with many benefits and without as many associated side effects. Methods for treating cancers with 5-iodo-2-pyrimidinone-deoxyribose and 5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinone are also described.