Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus including computer-readable mediums for determining read voltages for memory systems with machine learning (ML) are provided. In one aspect, a memory system includes a memory and a memory controller configured to: obtain a first reading output of memory data using a first read voltage corresponding to a first set of parameters associated with the memory data; if the first reading output fails to pass an Error Correction Code (ECC) test, obtain a second reading output of the memory data using a second read voltage corresponding to a second set of parameters associated with the memory data and including the first set of parameters, the second read voltage being generated using at least one ML algorithm based on the second set of parameters; and if the second reading output passes the ECC test, output the second reading output as a target reading output of the memory data.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus including computer-readable mediums for determining read voltages for memory systems with machine learning (ML) are provided. In one aspect, a memory system includes a memory and a memory controller configured to: obtain a first reading output of memory data using a first read voltage corresponding to a first set of parameters associated with the memory data; if the first reading output fails to pass an Error Correction Code (ECC) test, obtain a second reading output of the memory data using a second read voltage corresponding to a second set of parameters associated with the memory data and including the first set of parameters, the second read voltage being generated using at least one ML algorithm based on the second set of parameters; and if the second reading output passes the ECC test, output the second reading output as a target reading output of the memory data.

Abstract: An encoding method includes: receiving, by an encoder, an information for encoding; generating, by the encoder, a first portion codeword according to a first encoding rule and the information for encoding, wherein the first encoding rule is an encoding rule configured to generate LDPC code; generating, by the encoder, a second portion codeword according to a second encoding rule different from the first encoding rule and a double check region of the first portion codeword; and concatenating, by the encoder, the first portion codeword and the second portion codeword to generate a codeword. A plurality of trapping sets corresponding to the first encoding rule include at least one error bit within the double check region.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an encoder, a decoder, an encoding method and a decoding method based on Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code. The encoding method comprises: receiving, by an encoder, an information for encoding; generating, by the encoder, a first portion codeword according to a first encoding rule and the information for encoding, wherein the first encoding rule is an encoding rule configured to generate LDPC code; generating, by the encoder, a second portion codeword according to a second encoding rule different from the first encoding rule and a double check region of the first portion codeword; and concatenating, by the encoder, the first portion codeword and the second portion codeword to generate a codeword. A plurality of trapping sets corresponding to the first encoding rule include at least one error bit within the double check region.

Abstract: A method for generating a polar code includes the steps of: establishing a plurality of polarization matrices that receive a plurality of first input bits via a plurality of first input channels and provide a plurality of first output bits on a plurality of first output channels; selecting at least one to-be-enhanced input channel from the first input channels of the polarization matrices; providing a re-polarization matrix that receives a plurality of second input bits via a plurality of second input channels and provides a plurality of second output bits on a plurality of second output channels, wherein a part of the second output bits is used as the first output bit(s) on the at least one to-be-enhanced input channel; and providing a polar code that comprises the first output bits and a remaining part of the second output bits.

Abstract: A method for generating a polar code includes the steps of: establishing a plurality of polarization matrices that receive a plurality of first input bits via a plurality of first input channels and provide a plurality of first output bits on a plurality of first output channels; selecting at least one to-be-enhanced input channel from the first input channels of the polarization matrices; providing a re-polarization matrix that receives a plurality of second input bits via a plurality of second input channels and provides a plurality of second output bits on a plurality of second output channels, wherein a part of the second output bits is used as the first output bit(s) on the at least one to-be-enhanced input channel; and providing a polar code that comprises the first output bits and a remaining part of the second output bits.