Abstract: A method and a computing device for proof-of-work (PoW) related to blockchain mining are provided by embodiments of the present invention. The method includes receiving a block; determining whether hash values of multiple nonces corresponding to the block meet the condition, including in response to a first hash value of a first nonce among the plurality of nonces corresponding to the block meeting the condition, continuing to determine whether a second hash value of a second nonce among the plurality of nonces corresponding to the block meets the condition; and verifying at least two nonces that meet the condition among the plurality of nonces. In this way, the energy consumption problem of the blockchain may be solved, and a complete and accurate mathematical model estimable by the blockchain may be established to apply to various applications that guarantee confidence levels using mathematics.

Abstract: A method for calculating a number of proof-of-work to measure how much work has been done in one block mining, includes the following steps: using a low hash, wherein the low hash value corresponding to a low nonce is not greater than a predetermined target value; using a high hash, wherein the high hash value corresponding to a high nonce is higher than the same target value; and calculating the number of proof-of-work according to the low hash value and the high hash value. The low hash value is the lowest hash value in one block mining. The high hash value is the highest hash value in the same block mining.

Abstract: A method for calculating a number of proof-of-work to measure how much work has been done in one block mining, includes the following steps: using a low hash, wherein the low hash value corresponding to a low nonce is not greater than a predetermined target value; using a high hash, wherein the high hash value corresponding to a high nonce is higher than the same target value; and calculating the number of proof-of-work according to the low hash value and the high hash value. The low hash value is the lowest hash value in one block mining. The high hash value is the highest hash value in the same block mining.

Abstract: A memory allocation and page address translation system includes a buddy memory allocator, a plurality of guest page tables, a memory management unit and a buddy translation lookaside buffer. The buddy memory allocator is configured for allocating machine physical memory space to a virtual machine monitor and a plurality of virtual machines. Each of the virtual machine monitor and the virtual machines receives memory chunks with different sizes. The guest page tables are configured for providing virtual address translation references for the virtual machine monitor and the virtual machines. The memory management unit is configured for translating a virtual address into a guest physical address. The buddy translation lookaside buffer is configured for translating the guest physical address into a machine physical address.

Abstract: An universal BSP tool for porting on embedded systems and an application method thereof are proposed. The universal BSP tool comprises a BSP parser and a code generator, and is used to parse an open reusable document in XML format, BSPXML. Hardware specification of a target embedded platform and booting process of a specific OS or application are described in the BSPXML document. After parsing of the BSPXML document, bootstrap code of a specific embedded OS or application on the target platform can be generated. BSP low-level functions are also provided by the BSP tool for further use in OS and application after booting to control the embedded hardware. The BSP tool can simplify and automate the process of porting to achieve the objective of reducing the time to market for embedded systems.