Abstract: A method for forming a semiconductor device structure is provided. The method includes forming a first source/drain structure and a second source/drain structure over and in a substrate. The method includes forming a first gate stack, a second gate stack, a third gate stack, and a fourth gate stack over the substrate. Each of the first gate stack or the second gate stack is wider than each of the third gate stack or the fourth gate stack. The method includes forming a first contact structure and a second contact structure over the first source/drain structure and the second source/drain structure respectively. A first average width of the first contact structure is substantially equal to a second average width of the second contact structure.

Abstract: A three dimensional pulsating heat pipe includes a three dimensional pipe coil structure and a heat exchange chamber. The three dimensional pipe coil structure is formed by winding at least one metal pipe to surround repeatedly a central axis and stack by extending along the central axis. Two opposite sides of the three dimensional pipe coil structure are arranged as a heating section and a condensation section, respectively. The heat exchange chamber is disposed at the heating section. Two opposite ends of the at least one metal pipe are connected with an interior of the heat exchange chamber.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a pulsating heat pipe including channel plate. The channel plate includes first surface, second surface, first channels, second channels, first passages, second passages, at least one chamber, and at least one third passage. The first channels and the chamber are formed on the first surface, the channels are formed on the second surface, and the first passages, the second passages, and the third passage penetrate through the first and second surfaces. The chamber has a closed end located opposite to the third passage and connected to at least one of the second channels via the third passage. The first and second channels are connected via the first and second passages. The chamber has a hydraulic diameter of Dh which satisfies the following condition: D h > 2 ? ? ?? ? ? g , wherein ? is surface tension, ?? is difference in density between liquid and vapor, and g is gravitational acceleration.

Abstract: A three dimensional pulsating heat pipe includes a three dimensional pipe coil structure and a heat exchange chamber. The three dimensional pipe coil structure is formed by winding at least one metal pipe to surround repeatedly a central axis and stack by extending along the central axis. Two opposite sides of the three dimensional pipe coil structure are arranged as a heating section and a condensation section, respectively. The heat exchange chamber is disposed at the heating section. Two opposite ends of the at least one metal pipe are connected with an interior of the heat exchange chamber.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a pulsating heat pipe including channel plate. The channel plate includes first surface, second surface, first channels, second channels, first passages, second passages, at least one chamber, and at least one third passage. The first channels and the chamber are formed on the first surface, the channels are formed on the second surface, and the first passages, the second passages, and the third passage penetrate through the first and second surfaces. The chamber has a closed end located opposite to the third passage and connected to at least one of the second channels via the third passage. The first and second channels are connected via the first and second passages. The chamber has a hydraulic diameter of Dh which satisfies the following condition: D h > 2 ? ? ?? ? ? g , wherein ? is surface tension, ?? is difference in density between liquid and vapor, and g is gravitational acceleration.

Abstract: A three-dimensional pulsating heat pipe includes a pipe member and a connecting member. The pipe member is coiled around an axis to form a plurality of loop portions, and the loop portions are arranged in order along the axis so as to form a three-dimensional coiled structure. The three-dimensional coiled structure has a heat receiving section, and the pipe member has different effective pipe cross-sectional areas on two opposite sides adjacent to the heat receiving section. The connecting member is connected to two ends of the pipe member, such that the connecting member and the pipe member together form a closed loop.

Abstract: A three-dimensional pulsating heat pipe includes a pipe member and a connecting member. The pipe member is coiled around an axis to form a plurality of circular pipe portions, and the circular pipe portions are arranged in order along the axis so as to form a three-dimensional coiled structure. The three-dimensional coiled structure has a heat receiving section, and the pipe member has different effective pipe cross-sectional areas on two opposite sides adjacent to the heat receiving section. The connecting member is connected to two ends of the pipe member, such that the connecting member and the pipe member together form a closed loop.

Abstract: A planar ammonia selective sensing electrode for water quality monitoring and a manufacturing method of the sensing electrode are provided. The sensing electrode includes an insulating base plate, an electric-conductive layer, an ammonium ion sensing layer, a hydroxide ion sensing layer, and an electrolyte layer. The electric-conductive layer is disposed on the planar surface of the insulating base plate. The electric-conductive layer includes a first conductive part and a second conductive part. The first conductive part and the second conductive part are insulated and apart from each other, and configured to form a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone, respectively. The ammonium ion sensing layer is disposed on the first reaction zone. The hydroxide ion sensing layer is disposed on the second reaction zone. The electrolyte layer is disposed on and covers the ammonium ion sensing layer and the hydroxide ion sensing layer.

Abstract: A planar ammonia selective sensing electrode for water quality monitoring and a manufacturing method of the sensing electrode are provided. The sensing electrode includes an insulating base plate, an electric-conductive layer, an ammonium ion sensing layer, a hydroxide ion sensing layer, and an electrolyte layer. The electric-conductive layer is disposed on the planar surface of the insulating base plate. The electric-conductive layer includes a first conductive part and a second conductive part. The first conductive part and the second conductive part are insulated and apart from each other, and configured to form a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone, respectively. The ammonium ion sensing layer is disposed on the first reaction zone. The hydroxide ion sensing layer is disposed on the second reaction zone. The electrolyte layer is disposed on and covers the ammonium ion sensing layer and the hydroxide ion sensing layer.

Abstract: A planar dissolved oxygen sensing electrode for water quality monitoring and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The sensing electrode includes an insulating base plate, an electric-conductive layer, an oxygen sensing layer, a reference sensing layer, and an electrolyte layer. The electric-conductive layer is disposed on the planar surface of the insulating base plate. The electric-conductive layer includes a first conductive part, a second conductive part, a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone. The first conductive part and the second conductive part are connected to the first reaction zone and the second reaction zone, respectively. The oxygen sensing layer disposed on the first reaction zone includes plural catalyst particles dispersed in the polymer matrix. The reference sensing layer is disposed on the second reaction zone. The electrolyte layer is disposed on the oxygen sensing layer and the reference sensing layer.

Abstract: A multi-pipe three-dimensional pulsating heat pipe includes at least two pipes and at least two chambers. The at least two pipes form into respective three-dimensional annular loops. A cooling zone is formed to one side of the annular loops. Two opposing ends of the at least two pipes are connected spatially to the at least two chambers, respectively, so as to form the multi-pipe three dimensions pulsating heat pipe.

Abstract: A pulsating multi-pipe heat pipe has its pipe bodies arranged in parallel and bent into a plurality of snake-shaped metal pipes, and an independent chamber is furnished respectively at both ends of the plurality of the snake-shaped metal pipes and connected-and-communicative to both ends of the snake-shaped metal pipes so as to enclose around into an open loop making the working-fluid-flows flowing in the multi-pipe body mutually cross flows to increase the driving force in the multi-pipe body, thereby enhances the heat-dissipating effect as well as successfully overcomes the horizontal, negative angle, and low-temperature unable-to-start problems in the conventional pulsating multi-pipe heat pipe.

Abstract: A pulsating multi-pipe heat pipe having its metal pipes arranged in-parallel and bent in snake-shaped loop, is capable of making the working fluid flow through the pulsating multi-pipe heat pipe, enhance the pressure difference therein so as to improve its heat-dissipating effect and successfully overcome the problems of horizontal action when the heat pipe is laid in horizontal position. This is done by attaching at least a chambered connector in the metal pipes having their cross-sectional areas greater than the total cross-sectional areas of the metal pipes or furnishing at least a pair of communicative penetrating holes at the side-by-side adjacent pipe walls making the working fluid create cross-flow within the pulsating multi-pipe heat pipe.