Abstract: A method for producing a crystal substrate includes preparing, measuring, holding, and machining. The preparing prepares a crystal substrate body including a curved crystal lattice plane. The measuring measures a shape feature of the crystal lattice plane. The holding holds the crystal substrate body in a warped state in accordance with the shape feature measured by the measuring, to more flatten the crystal lattice plane than the crystal lattice plane at the preparing. The machining machines a surface of the crystal substrate body held in the warped state, to flatten the surface.

Abstract: A method for producing a gallium nitride crystal includes growing a gallium nitride crystal 5 by dissolving nitrogen in a mixed melt including gallium and sodium, and collecting the gallium 55 separated from an alloy 51 including the gallium and the sodium by reacting the alloy 51 and a liquid 52 that ionizes the sodium and separating sodium ions and the gallium 55 from the alloy.

Abstract: A gallium nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure includes a first region located on an inner side of a cross section intersecting c-axis of the hexagonal crystal structure, and a second region surrounding at least a part of the outer periphery of the first region in the cross section. An emission spectrum of each of the first region and the second region with electron beam or ultraviolet light excitation has a first peak including a band edge emission of gallium nitride and a second peak located in a longer wavelength area than the first peak. A peak intensity of the first peak is smaller than a peak intensity of the second peak in the first region, and a peak intensity of the first peak is greater than a peak intensity of the second peak in the second region.

Abstract: A method for producing a crystal substrate includes preparing, measuring, holding, and machining. The preparing prepares a crystal substrate body including a curved crystal lattice plane. The measuring measures a shape feature of the crystal lattice plane. The holding holds the crystal substrate body in a warped state in accordance with the shape feature measured by the measuring, to more flatten the crystal lattice plane than the crystal lattice plane at the preparing. The machining machines a surface of the crystal substrate body held in the warped state, to flatten the surface.

Abstract: A group 13 nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure and containing at least a nitrogen atom and at least a metal atom selected from a group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl. The group 13 nitride crystal includes a first region disposed on an inner side in a cross section intersecting c-axis, a third region disposed on an outermost side in the cross section and having a crystal property different from that of the first region, and a second region disposed at least partially between the first region and the third region in the cross section, the second region being a transition region of a crystal growth and having a crystal property different from that of the first region and that of the third region.

Abstract: A gallium nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure, wherein a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of X-ray rocking curve in a region at a side of one edge in a c-axis direction is smaller than the FWHM in a region at a side of the other edge in the c-axis direction, in at least one of m-plane outer peripheral surfaces of the hexagonal crystal structure.

Abstract: A method for producing a gallium nitride crystal includes growing a gallium nitride crystal 5 by dissolving nitrogen in a mixed melt including gallium and sodium, and collecting the gallium 55 separated from an alloy 51 including the gallium and the sodium by reacting the alloy 51 and a liquid 52 that ionizes the sodium and separating sodium ions and the gallium 55 from the alloy.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a group 13 nitride crystal includes a crystal growth process to form the group 13 nitride crystal by growing the group 13 nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure from a seed crystal which is a gallium nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure in which a length “L” in a c-axis direction is 9.7 mm or more, and a ratio L/d of the length “L” to a crystal diameter “d” in a c-plane is larger than 0.813. The crystal growth process includes a process of forming an outer periphery containing a {10-10} plane and an outer periphery containing a {10-11} plane at side surfaces of the group 13 nitride crystal, and forming an outer periphery containing a {0001} plane at a bottom surface of the group 13 nitride crystal.

Abstract: A gallium nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure includes a first region located on an inner side of a cross section intersecting c-axis of the hexagonal crystal structure, and a second region surrounding at least a part of the outer periphery of the first region in the cross section. An emission spectrum of each of the first region and the second region with electron beam or ultraviolet light excitation has a first peak including a band edge emission of gallium nitride and a second peak located in a longer wavelength area than the first peak. A peak intensity of the first peak is smaller than a peak intensity of the second peak in the first region, and a peak intensity of the first peak is greater than a peak intensity of the second peak in the second region.

Abstract: A group 13 nitride crystal has a hexagonal crystal structure and at least contains nitrogen atom and at least a kind of metal atoms selected from a group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl. The group 13 nitride crystal includes a first region located at an inner side of a cross section intersecting a c-axis, and a second region surrounding at least a part of an outer periphery of the first region, having a thickness larger than a maximum diameter of the first region, and having a carrier density higher than that of the first region.

Abstract: A group 13 nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure contains at least a nitrogen atom and at least one metal atom selected from a group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In and Tl. Dislocation density of basal plane dislocations in a cross section parallel to a c-axis is 104 cm?2 or more.

Abstract: A group 13 nitride crystal has a hexagonal crystal structure containing a nitrogen atom and at least one type of metal atom selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl. The group 13 nitride crystal has a basal plane dislocation in a plurality of directions. Dislocation density of the basal plane dislocation is higher than dislocation density of a threading dislocation of a c-plane.

Abstract: A compound represented by the formula (I), salt thereof, or hydrate thereof has an excellent anti-pruritic effect and an excellent effect in terms of metabolism. The topical formulation of the present invention has excellent skin absorption properties of the compound represented by the formula (I), salt thereof, or hydrate thereof. Furthermore, the topical formulation of the present invention is excellent in stability because ingredients are hardly bled after long-term storage. wherein R represents hydroxyl, C1-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with C1-6 alkoxy, or amino optionally substituted with C1-6 alkyl.

Abstract: A gallium nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure, wherein a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of X-ray rocking curve in a region at a side of one edge in a c-axis direction is smaller than the FWHM in a region at a side of the other edge in the c-axis direction, in at least one of m-plane outer peripheral surfaces of the hexagonal crystal structure.

Abstract: A group 13 nitride crystal has a hexagonal crystal structure and at least contains nitrogen atom and at least a kind of metal atoms selected from a group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl. The group 13 nitride crystal includes a first region located at an inner side of a cross section intersecting a c-axis, and a second region surrounding at least a part of an outer periphery of the first region, having a thickness larger than a maximum diameter of the first region, and having a carrier density higher than that of the first region.

Abstract: A gallium nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure includes a first region located on an inner side of a cross section intersecting c-axis of the hexagonal crystal structure, and a second region surrounding at least a part of the outer periphery of the first region in the cross section. An emission spectrum of each of the first region and the second region with electron beam or ultraviolet light excitation has a first peak including a band edge emission of gallium nitride and a second peak located in a longer wavelength area than the first peak. A peak intensity of the first peak is smaller than a peak intensity of the second peak in the first region, and a peak intensity of the first peak is greater than a peak intensity of the second peak in the second region.

Abstract: A group 13 nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure and containing at least a nitrogen atom and at least a metal atom selected from a group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl. The group 13 nitride crystal includes a first region disposed on an inner side in a cross section intersecting c-axis, a third region disposed on an outermost side in the cross section and having a crystal property different from that of the first region, and a second region disposed at least partially between the first region and the third region in the cross section, the second region being a transition region of a crystal growth and having a crystal property different from that of the first region and that of the third region.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a group 13 nitride crystal includes a crystal growth process to form the group 13 nitride crystal by growing the group 13 nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure from a seed crystal which is a gallium nitride crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure in which a length “L” in a c-axis direction is 9.7 mm or more, and a ratio L/d of the length “L” to a crystal diameter “d” in a c-plane is larger than 0.813. The crystal growth process includes a process of forming an outer periphery containing a {10-10} plane and an outer periphery containing a {10-11} plane at side surfaces of the group 13 nitride crystal, and forming an outer periphery containing a {0001} plane at a bottom surface of the group 13 nitride crystal.

Abstract: A compound represented by the formula (I), salt thereof, or hydrate thereof has an excellent anti-pruritic effect and an excellent effect in terms of metabolism. The topical formulation of the present invention has excellent skin absorption properties of the compound represented by the formula (I), salt thereof, or hydrate thereof. Furthermore, the topical formulation of the present invention is excellent in stability because ingredients are hardly bled after long-term storage. wherein R represents hydroxyl, C1-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with C1-6 alkoxy, or amino optionally substituted with C1-6 alkyl.

Abstract: An ophthalmic solid pharmaceutical preparation for external use is disclosed which can be used to continuously administer with ease a pharmacologically active agent to ocular local tissues. The pharmaceutical preparation is a solid pharmaceutical preparation containing a pharmacologically active ingredient in a base, which may comprise an oily base, and designed to be applied by being rubbed on the surface of the skin including the surface of either of the eyelids to deliver, through the skin of the eyelids, the pharmacologically active ingredient to the local tissues of the eye located on the backside of the eyelids.