Abstract: A hierarchical and distributed control architecture for managing an optical communications network. The architecture includes a line card manager level for managing individual line cards in an optical switch, a node manager level for managing multiple line cards in an optical switch/node, and a network management system level for managing multiple optical switches/nodes in a network. An event manager at the node manager level enables software components that are running at the node manager to register for and receive events, and to post events. The events may be triggered, e.g., by a change in a status of the switch, or an alarm condition. Control architecture functionalities include signaling, routing, protection switching and network management. Furthermore, the network management function includes a topology manager, a performance manager, a connection manager, a fault detection manager, and a configuration manager.

Abstract: A hierarchical and distributed control architecture for managing an optical communications network. The architecture includes a line card manager level for managing individual line cards in an optical switch, a node manager level for managing multiple line cards in an optical switch/node, and a network management system level for managing multiple optical switches/nodes in a network. An event manager at the node manager level enables software components that are running at the node manager to register for and receive events, and to post events. The events may be triggered, e.g., by a change in a status of the switch, or an alarm condition. Control architecture functionalities include signaling, routing, protection switching and network management. Furthermore, the network management function includes a topology manager, a performance manager, a connection manager, a fault detection manager, and a configuration manager.

Abstract: A node management architecture for use at an optical switch/node in an optical communications network. A software task is provided for managing each line card according to a type of the line card. The architecture may identify the line card type, and assign a corresponding software task to manage it. To avoid delays, unassigned software tasks may be created ahead of time for managing line cards that are later installed at the optical switch. Furthermore, different types of software tasks are provided for managing corresponding different types of line cards, while software tasks that manage the same type of line card may be organized as an array of the same type. Moreover, the software tasks may act as an intermediary between the line card managers and other software processes at the node manager, such as a database manager, alarms manager, or optical cross-connect manager.

Abstract: A hairpin comprising a curved plastic plate and a metal clip having both the lengthwise ends possible to be pinched between both the inner wall faces of the projecting walls respectively at both the lengthwise ends of the plastic plate.