Abstract: Methods of video content complexity estimation, scene change detection and video encoding are provided. The video content complexity estimation and the scene change detecting are performed before a video encoding loop is processed. The method of video content complexity estimation includes calculating an absolute difference value diffi of the ith pixel between a current frame and a reference frame, a mean value mean(R) of pixel region R, a deviation value deviation(R) of pixel region R, a complexity value X of a target frame and an adjusted complexity ?target of the target frame by using equations mean ? ? ( R ) = 1 NM ? ? i ? R ? diff i , ? deviation ? ? ( R ) = ? i ? R ? abs ( diff i - mean ( R ) ) , ? X = ? R ? frame ? mean ? ? ( R ) · deviation ? ? ( R ) and ?target=a·X/b, respectively.

Abstract: Methods of video content complexity estimation, scene change detection and video encoding are provided. The video content complexity estimation and the scene change detecting are performed before a video encoding loop is processed. The method of video content complexity estimation includes calculating an absolute difference value diffi of the ith pixel between a current frame and a reference frame, a mean value mean(R) of pixel region R, a deviation value deviation(R) of pixel region R, a complexity value X of a target frame and an adjusted complexity ?target of the target frame by using equations mean ? ? ? ( R ) = 1 NM ? ? i ? R ? diff i , ? deviation ? ? ? ( R ) = ? i ? R ? abs ( diff i - mean ( R ) ) , ? X = ? R ? frame ? mean ? ? ? ( R ) · deviation ? ? ? ( R ) and ?target=a·X/b, respectively.

Abstract: A method and system are provided to identify coordinate information of a selected position on a three-dimensional object or on a leaf among plural pages with pre-formed reference indications. While identifying the coordinated information on the leaf, identification of page number is accomplished based on the reference indications formed around margins of the sheet. Moreover, by using at least one corner of the leaf and symbols printed around the margins as the reference coordinate data, the actual coordinate information of the selected position is derived. Corresponding to the actual coordinated information, accessory data in a form of voice, image or text are then output.

Abstract: A head gasket for an automotive engine having an elongated gasket body comprising a metallic core having upper and lower surfaces, with a plurality of spaced generally circular combustion openings defined by the gasket body. A metallic fire ring is disposed in each combustion opening adjacent the peripheral edge of said combustion opening. A plurality of pairs of stakes displaced radially from the upper and lower surfaces of the fire ring overlying and underlying the metallic core floatingly support the fire rings in the associated combustion openings. A method of making such a head gasket is also disclosed.