Abstract: A method of retrieving a tel URL regarding a first communication node. The method includes receiving a text identifier corresponding to the first communication node from a user, sending a query including the text identifier to a second communication node capable of resolving the query, receiving a response from the second communication node, and retrieving the tel URL from a resource record provided with the response.

Abstract: A multilingual Domain Name System allows users to use Domain Names in non-Unicode or ASCII encodings. An international DNS server (or iDNS server) receives multilingual DNS requests and converts them to a format that can be used in the conventional Domain Name System. When the iDNS server first receives a DNS request, it determines the encoding type of that request. It may do this by considering the bit string in the top-level domain (or other portion) of the Domain Name and matching that string against a list of known bit strings for known top-level domains of various encoding types. One entry in the list may be the bit string for “.com” in Chinese BIG5, for example. After the iDNS server identifies the encoding type of the Domain Name, it converts the encoding of the Domain Name to Unicode. It then translates the Unicode representation to an ASCII representation conforming to the universal DNS standard.

Abstract: A method, implemented on an apparatus, of transporting an electronic mail message which designates an addressee by a multilingual e-mail address (MLEA). The MLEA is associated with an encoding type. The method includes receiving the MLEA; detecting the encoding type of the MLEA; converting the MLEA to a corresponding ASCII compatible encoding e-mail address (ACEEA) in accordance with the encoding type of the MLEA; and sending the e-mail message with the corresponding ACEEA. The conversion from the MLEA to the ACEEA is performed by one of a end user personal computer, a web-based mail server, a mail server, and a LDAP server.

Abstract: A multilingual Domain Name System allows users to use Domain Names in non-Unicode or ASCII encodings. An international DNS server (or iDNS server) receives multilingual DNS requests and converts them to a format that can be used in the conventional Domain Name System. When the iDNS server first receives a DNS request, it determines the encoding type of that request. It may do this by considering the bit string in the top-level domain (or other portion) of the Domain Name and matching that string against a list of known bit strings for known top-level domains of various encoding types. One entry in the list may be the bit string for “.com” in Chinese BIG5, for example. After the iDNS server identifies the encoding type of the Domain Name, it converts the encoding of the Domain Name to Unicode. It then translates the Unicode representation to an ASCII representation conforming to the universal DNS standard.

Abstract: A multilingual Domain Name System allows users to use Domain Names in non-Unicode or ASCII encodings. An international DNS server (or iDNS server) receives multilingual DNS requests and converts them to a format that can be used in the conventional Domain Name System. When the iDNS server first receives a DNS request, it determines the encoding type of that request. It may do this by considering the bit string in the top-level domain (or other portion) of the Domain Name and matching that string against a list of known bit strings for known top-level domains of various encoding types. One entry in the list may be the bit string for “.com” in Chinese BIG5, for example. After the iDNS server identifies the encoding type of the Domain Name, it converts the encoding of the Domain Name to Unicode. It then translates the Unicode representation to an ASCII representation conforming to the universal DNS standard.

Abstract: A multilingual apparatus detects the linguistic encoding type of a digital string encoding a domain name. It accomplished this using a tree or graph comprised of nodes holding linguistic digits representing the digital sequence of a character or a portion of a character. These nodes are compared against digital sequences of characters in the domain name under consideration. Each comparison results in a step down the graph. Then another comparison is performed, often with the next successive character in the domain name. Ultimately the process reaches a terminal node of the graph. This terminal node specifies the encoding type of the domain name under consideration.