Abstract: An optical system affixed to an electronic apparatus is provided, including a first optical module, a second optical module, and a third optical module. The first optical module is configured to adjust the moving direction of a first light from a first moving direction to a second moving direction, wherein the first moving direction is not parallel to the second moving direction. The second optical module is configured to receive the first light moving in the second moving direction. The first light reaches the third optical module via the first optical module and the second optical module in sequence. The third optical module includes a first photoelectric converter configured to transform the first light into a first image signal.

Abstract: A method includes steps of: assigning a value of a setting variable to a memory allocation variable; allocating address space to peripheral devices based on the memory allocation variable; determining whether allocated address space is sufficient; acquiring a system-wise greatest demand size value when allotted address space is insufficient; determining whether the memory allocation variable exceeds the system-wise greatest demand size value; updating the memory allocation variable to have a larger value when the memory allocation variable does not exceed the system-wise greatest demand size value; and assigning the value of the memory allocation variable to the setting variable when the memory allocation variable exceeds the system-wise greatest demand size value.

Abstract: A method includes steps of: assigning a value of a setting variable to a memory allocation variable; allocating address space to peripheral devices based on the memory allocation variable; determining whether allocated address space is sufficient; acquiring a system-wise greatest demand size value when allotted address space is insufficient; determining whether the memory allocation variable exceeds the system-wise greatest demand size value; updating the memory allocation variable to have a larger value when the memory allocation variable does not exceed the system-wise greatest demand size value; and assigning the value of the memory allocation variable to the setting variable when the memory allocation variable exceeds the system-wise greatest demand size value.

Abstract: A hot cathode preheating start discharge lamp comprises a lamp tube, a first electrode, a second electrode, a first heating element and a second heating element. The lamp tube has a sealed housing chamber. The first and second electrodes have respectively one end held in the housing chamber and another end connected to a power source. The first and second heating elements are spaced from the first and second electrodes without connecting therewith and have respectively another end connected to a discharge preheating controller or an electronic ballast. Thereby the invention does not need tungsten filaments or electronic powder coated on the tungsten filaments to generate a great amount of electrons like the conventional techniques do. Thus the problems of burnout and fracture of the tungsten filaments or exhaustion of electronic powder can be eliminated, and the lifespan of the lamp tube can be enhanced.

Abstract: A hot cathode preheating start discharge lamp comprises a lamp tube, a first electrode, a second electrode, a first heating element and a second heating element. The lamp tube has a sealed housing chamber. The first and second electrodes have respectively one end held in the housing chamber and another end connected to a power source. The first and second heating elements are spaced from the first and second electrodes without connecting therewith and have respectively another end connected to a discharge preheating controller or an electronic ballast. Thereby the invention does not need tungsten filaments or electronic powder coated on the tungsten filaments to generate a great amount of electrons like the conventional techniques do. Thus the problems of burnout and fracture of the tungsten filaments or exhaustion of electronic powder can be eliminated, and the lifespan of the lamp tube can be enhanced.

Abstract: A collagen product with an alginate sheath and a method for producing the same are described. A first solution containing at least an alginate is prepared. A second solution containing collagen and at least an alkaline earth metallic salt is then prepared. The second solution is spun through a spinneret in the first solution to obtain a collagen product with an alginate sheath. The collagen product with an alginate sheath is dehydrated with hydrophilic solvent.