Abstract: A self-calibration method of determining remaining useful life of an internal combustion engine's air filter includes establishing a pressure drop versus mass airflow rate relationship for a clean air filter using pressure drop, mass airflow rate, and temperature data captured at low and elevated engine speeds. The method also includes establishing a maximum clean air filter pressure drop at a preset maximum airflow using the clean filter relationship. The method additionally includes establishing a pressure drop versus mass airflow rate relationship for an in-service air filter using pressure drop, mass airflow rate, and temperature data captured at low and elevated engine speeds. The method also includes determining a maximum in-service air filter pressure drop at the preset maximum airflow using the in-service filter relationship. The method further includes comparing the maximum clean and in-service air filter pressure drops to determine the remaining useful life of the in-service air filter.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing an air filter status includes receiving, by a controller, sensor data indicative of a mass air flow rate, an air temperature and an air pressure of an air cleaner assembly including an air filter, determining an air filter life remaining from the sensor data, and receiving data indicative of a vehicle condition. The method also includes determining when a first condition is satisfied and when true, triggering an air filter leakage alert. When the first condition is not satisfied, the controller determines when a second condition is satisfied. When the second condition is satisfied, the controller determines when a third condition is satisfied, and when the third condition is satisfied, triggers an air filter snow intrusion alert. When the second condition is satisfied and the third condition is not satisfied the controller triggers an air filter blockage alert.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing an air filter status includes receiving, by a controller, sensor data indicative of a mass air flow rate, an air temperature and an air pressure of an air cleaner assembly including an air filter, determining an air filter life remaining from the sensor data, and receiving data indicative of a vehicle condition. The method also includes determining when a first condition is satisfied and when true, triggering an air filter leakage alert. When the first condition is not satisfied, the controller determines when a second condition is satisfied. When the second condition is satisfied, the controller determines when a third condition is satisfied, and when the third condition is satisfied, triggers an air filter snow intrusion alert. When the second condition is satisfied and the third condition is not satisfied the controller triggers an air filter blockage alert.

Abstract: A method of operating an anti-lock braking system includes that real-time brake corner temperature data, real-time brake corner pressure data real-time brake corner torque data, and deceleration parameters of the vehicle are detected. The method also includes that an apparent friction at the brake corner is determined in response to at least the real-time brake corner temperature data, the real-time brake corner pressure data, the real-time brake corner torque data, and the deceleration parameters of the vehicle.

Abstract: A method of operating an anti-lock braking system includes that real-time brake corner temperature data, real-time brake corner pressure data real-time brake corner torque data, and deceleration parameters of the vehicle are detected. The method also includes that an apparent friction at the brake corner is determined in response to at least the real-time brake corner temperature data, the real-time brake corner pressure data, the real-time brake corner torque data, and the deceleration parameters of the vehicle.

Abstract: A Light Emitting Diode (LED) device with a vertical leadframe includes a lamp structure and a leadframe vertically aligned within the lamp structure. The leadframe includes a portion outside of the lamp structure that is configured for surface mounting. Since the leadframe is vertically aligned, a reflector cup connected to the leadframe can be relatively deep.

Abstract: An encoder having a first array of n photodetectors and a code strip imaging system where n>2 is disclosed. Each photodetector is characterized by a width d. The code strip imaging system generates an image of a code strip on the first array. The image includes alternating dark and light stripes of width D. The dark stripes have a lower luminosity than the white stripes. The widths of the photodetectors and stripes in the image are chosen such that nd=(n?1)D, the code strip image moving in a first direction with respect to the first array, wherein the distances d and D are measured in a direction parallel to the first direction. Detector circuits convert the outputs from the photodetectors to logic signals that define a state for the encoder that repetitively cycles through 2n values when the code strip image moves a distance of 2D.