Abstract: In a loop avoidance communications method, a first provider edge (PE) device sends a first identifier to a second PE device through a first interface; the first PE device receives, from the second PE through the first interface, a data packet including the first identifier. Then, the first PE device determines that a second interface associated with the first identifier is in a faulty state. In response to determining that the second interface is in the faulty state, the first PE device avoids sending the data packet to the second PE device through the first interface. The first PE device connects to a customer edge (CE) device using the second interface.

Abstract: This application provides a vehicle diagnostic method, system, and apparatus, and an electronic device. In the method, a vehicle may execute a first diagnostic item in collaboration with a diagnostic apparatus based on a first diagnostic key, where the first diagnostic key corresponds to a first diagnostic instruction; and execute the first diagnostic item in collaboration with the diagnostic apparatus based on a second diagnostic key, where the second diagnostic key corresponds to a second diagnostic instruction, and the second diagnostic key is different from the first diagnostic key.

Abstract: One example method includes binding a controlling device and an accessory device to negotiate a first credential and a second credential, the first credential is non-distributable and is used to authenticate the controlling device, and the second credential is distributable and is used to authenticate an authorized device. The controlling device sends, in response to a sharing operation for the second credential, the second credential to the authorized device when an attribute of the second credential is distributable. The authorized device sends an authentication request, first information, and verification information to the accessory device, where the verification information is obtained by processing the first information based on the second credential stored in the controlling device. The accessory device verifies the verification information based on the local second credential. When the verification succeeds, the authorized device is successfully authenticated.

Abstract: In a loop avoidance communications method, a first provider edge (PE) device sends a first identifier to a second PE device through a first interface; the first PE device receives, from the second PE through the first interface, a data packet including the first identifier. Then, the first PE device determines that a second interface associated with the first identifier is in a faulty state. In response to determining that the second interface is in the faulty state, the first PE device avoids sending the data packet to the second PE device through the first interface. The first PE device connects to a customer edge (CE) device using the second interface.

Abstract: A loop avoidance communications method, where a first provider edge (PE) device sends a first identifier to a second PE device through a first interface, the first PE device receives, through the first interface, a data packet from the second PE device including the first identifier. Then, the first PE device determines that a second interface associated with the first identifier is in a faulty state. In response to the determining that the second interface is in the faulty state, the first PE device avoids sending the data packet to the second PE device through the first interface, where the first PE device connects to a customer edge (CE) device using the second interface.

Abstract: According to a communication method, a local device and a peer device notify each other through a border gateway protocol (BGP) message whether the local device and the peer device have a control word processing capability. When the peer device also has a control word processing capability, the peer device uses a service packet to carry a control word. When the local device has no control word processing capability, no control word is carried when the peer device sends a service packet to the local device.

Abstract: A communications method includes receiving, by a first provider edge (PE) device, a data packet from a second PE device and avoiding, by the first PE device, sending the data packet to the second PE device in response to determining that a source address of the data packet is the same as an address of the second PE device in an entry. The source address of the data packet is the same as the address of the second PE in the entry stored in the first PE device. A customer edge (CE) device is multi-homed to the first PE device and the second PE device in an all-active mode. The CE device is connected to the first PE device through a first connection and the second PE device through a second connection. The first connection and the second connection belonging to a same Ethernet segment.

Abstract: This application discloses a communication method. According to the method, a local device and a peer device notify each other through a BGP message whether the local device and the peer device have a control word processing capability. When the peer device also has a control word processing capability, the peer device uses a service packet to carry a control word. When the local device has no control word processing capability, no control word is carried when the peer device sends a service packet to the local device. In this way, normal communication between a network device having a control word processing capability and a network device having no control word processing capability is effectively ensured, and service transmission reliability is improved.

Abstract: A communications method includes receiving, by a first provider edge (PE) device, a data packet from a second PE device and avoiding, by the first PE device, sending the data packet to the second PE device in response to determining that a source address of the data packet is the same as an address of the second PE device in an entry. The source address of the data packet is the same as the address of the second PE in the entry stored in the first PE device. A customer edge (CE) device is multi-homed to the first PE device and the second PE device in an all-active mode. The CE device is connected to the first PE device through a first connection and the second PE device through a second connection. The first connection and the second connection belonging to a same Ethernet segment.

Abstract: A loop avoidance communications method, where a first provider edge (PE) device sends a first identifier to a second PE device through a first interface, the first PE device receives, through the first interface, a data packet from the second PE device including the first identifier. Then, the first PE device determines that a second interface associated with the first identifier is in a faulty state. In response to the determining that the second interface is in the faulty state, the first PE device avoids sending the data packet to the second PE device through the first interface, where the first PE device connects to a customer edge (CE) device using the second interface.