Abstract: A heating device, a resulting battery pack assembly, and the methods of making and using the same are provided. Such a battery pack assembly includes a plurality of battery cells, at least one current collection plate (CCP), and at least one heater layer. Each battery cell comprises two electrodes extending from a first side to a second side of the assembly. The CCP is disposed over a plurality of battery cells on the first side and/or the second side, is made of a first conductive material, and defines a plurality of first holes. Each first hole is disposed over a respective electrode. The CCP further includes at least one connection electrically connected with the respective electrode. The heater layer is disposed above the CCP, and includes a plurality of sections and each section corresponding to a respective battery cell. In each section the heater layer defines a second hole and includes a heating zone and a non-heating zone. The non-heating zone is disposed adjacent to an edge of the second hole.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, and devices for the endovascular repair of cardiac valves, particularly the atrioventricular valves which inhibit back flow of blood from a heart ventricle during contraction. The procedures described herein can be performed with interventional tools, guides and supporting catheters and other equipment introduced to the heart chambers from the patient's arterial or venous vasculature remote from the heart. The interventional tools and other equipment may be introduced percutaneously or may be introduced via a surgical cut down, and then advanced from the remote access site through the vasculature until they reach the heart.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, and devices for the endovascular repair of cardiac valves, particularly the atrioventricular valves which inhibit back flow of blood from a heart ventricle during contraction. The procedures described herein can be performed with interventional tools, guides and supporting catheters and other equipment introduced to the heart chambers from the patient's arterial or venous vasculature remote from the heart. The interventional tools and other equipment may be introduced percutaneously or may be introduced via a surgical cut down, and then advanced from the remote access site through the vasculature until they reach the heart.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, and devices for the endovascular repair of cardiac valves, particularly the atrioventricular valves which inhibit back flow of blood from a heart ventricle during contraction. The procedures described herein can be performed with interventional tools, guides and supporting catheters and other equipment introduced to the heart chambers from the patient's arterial or venous vasculature remote from the heart. The interventional tools and other equipment may be introduced percutaneously or may be introduced via a surgical cut down, and then advanced from the remote access site through the vasculature until they reach the heart.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, and devices for the endovascular repair of cardiac valves, particularly the atrioventricular valves which inhibit back flow of blood from a heart ventricle during contraction. The procedures described herein can be performed with interventional tools, guides and supporting catheters and other equipment introduced to the heart chambers from the patient's arterial or venous vasculature remote from the heart. The interventional tools and other equipment may be introduced percutaneously or may be introduced via a surgical cut down, and then advanced from the remote access site through the vasculature until they reach the heart.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, and devices for the endovascular repair of cardiac valves, particularly the atrioventricular valves which inhibit back flow of blood from a heart ventricle during contraction. The procedures described herein can be performed with interventional tools, guides and supporting catheters and other equipment introduced to the heart chambers from the patient's arterial or venous vasculature remote from the heart. The interventional tools and other equipment may be introduced percutaneously or may be introduced via a surgical cut down, and then advanced from the remote access site through the vasculature until they reach the heart.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, and devices for the endovascular repair of cardiac valves, particularly the atrioventricular valves which inhibit back flow of blood from a heart ventricle during contraction. The procedures described herein can be performed with interventional tools, guides and supporting catheters and other equipment introduced to the heart chambers from the patient's arterial or venous vasculature remote from the heart. The interventional tools and other equipment may be introduced percutaneously or may be introduced via a surgical cut down, and then advanced from the remote access site through the vasculature until they reach the heart.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods, systems, and devices for the endovascular repair of cardiac valves, particularly the atrioventricular valves which inhibit back flow of blood from a heart ventricle during contraction. The procedures described herein can be performed with interventional tools, guides and supporting catheters and other equipment introduced to the heart chambers from the patient's arterial or venous vasculature remote from the heart. The interventional tools and other equipment may be introduced percutaneously or may be introduced via a surgical cut down, and then advanced from the remote access site through the vasculature until they reach the heart.

Abstract: A telecommunications system. The system includes a first node. The system includes a second node. The system preferably includes at least one intermediate node in communication with the first node and the second node. The first node, second node and intermediate node defining a path. The first node repeatedly sending signaling through the intermediate node to the second node and receiving the signaling back to establish and maintain a connection between the first node, second node and intermediate node. The system includes means for dynamically placing connection points along the path through which the connection is established each time after signaling from the first node to the second node returns to the first node. A method for forming connections in a telecommunications system.

Abstract: A telecommunications system. The system includes a first node. The system includes a second node. The system preferably includes at least one intermediate node in communication with the first node and the second node. The first node, second node and intermediate node defining a path. The first node repeatedly sending signaling through the intermediate node to the second node and receiving the signaling back to establish and maintain a connection between the first node, second node and intermediate node. The system includes means for dynamically placing connection points along the path through which the connection is established each time after signaling from the first node to the second node returns to the first node. A method for forming connections in a telecommunications system.