Abstract: This invention relates to an emulsion composition for the formation of an artificial tear film over the ocular surface of the eye capable of providing mechanical lubrication for the ocular surface while reducing evaporation of fluid therefrom. The emulsion is desirably in the form of a meta stable emulsion and is characterized by the use of a surfactant comprising a combination of a primary and secondary surfactant where the primary surfactant permits formation of the emulsion and the secondary surfactant permits autoclaving of the surfactant. The invention also includes a method for the formation of such an emulsion.

Abstract: A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) formulation and method for using the same. The composition is useful for polishing semiconductor substrates, and particularly substrate surfaces containing copper, tungsten, or alloys of the same. The CMP formulation may contain a copolymer enhancement agent such as a Pluronics® compound, and/or a vesicle encapsulating agent, as well as an active agent that is chemically reactive with the substrate to enhance polishing performance. The active agent may be a bifunctional compound that is capable of functioning as both a passivating agent and a complexing agent to achieve an optimum rate of passivation and oxidation on the substrate surface. An active agent can also take the form of an oxidation activator, such as a metal ion, encapsulated in a vesicle or micelle, that is released with applied pressure to accelerate the removal process and improve planarization efficiency.